Return to homeNobel Prize site: http://www.almaz.com/nobel/nobel.html
1895Â Â Â Â Â Â Nov 27, Alfred Nobel,
explosives magnate, signed his last will and testament at the
Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, setting aside his estate to
establish the Nobel Prize after his death (see Dec 10, 1896).
   (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1895)
1896Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 10, Alfred Nobel (63),
Swedish Nobel Prize ceremony on this date, died. By the time of his
death Nobel had acquired a massive fortune. In his will, he left
instructions that the bulk of his estate should endow the annual
Nobel prizes for those who had most contributed to the areas of
physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and peace. In 1968, a sixth
award for economics was established [see Nov 27, 1895]. The
Nobel Peace Prize is therefore awarded on December 10. The first of
the Nobel Prizes was presented in 1901 according to instructions in
his will. At his death he was one of the richest men in the world,
he also felt it would be wrong to leave his fortune to relatives.
"Inherited wealth is a misfortune which merely serves to dull man's
faculties." Nobel wished the Peace Prize to be administered in
Norway.
  Â
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize)(HNPD, 10/21/98)(AP,
12/10/06)
1901Â Â Â Â Â Â Henry Dunant (1828-1910),
Swiss businessman, won the 1st Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in
establishing the Int’l. Red Cross and the First Geneva Convention
covering treatment of those wounded in war. The prize was shared
with Frederic Passy (1822-1912), French economist, for his efforts
toward international peace.
  Â
(http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1901/passy-bio.html)(ON,
4/08, p.12)
1901Â Â Â Â Â Â Jacobus Henricus van't
Hoff won the first Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work on the
relationship of volume, pressure and temperature in gases which
became known as van't Hoff's Law. The 1st Nobel Banquet was held at
the Grand Hotel in Stockholm for 118 male guests.
   (SFC, 6/30/99, p.C2)
1901Â Â Â Â Â Â Sully Prudhomme won the
1st Nobel Prize in literature.
   (SFC, 10/10/01, p.B8)
1901Â Â Â Â Â Â Wilhelm Konrad von Röntgen
(1845-1923) won the Nobel in Physics.
   (HN, 3/27/99)(MC, 2/10/02)(MC, 3/27/02)
1901Â Â Â Â Â Â Emil von Behring
(1854-1917), German physiologist, became the first recipient of the
Nobel Prize for medicine for discovering how to employ antitoxins.
   (Econ, 11/22/14, p.75)
1902Â Â Â Â Â Â Pieter Zeeman (b.1865),
Dutch physicist (Zeeman effect), won the Nobel Prize.Â
   (SC, 5/25/02)
1902Â Â Â Â Â Â Ronald Ross (1857-1932),
an English physician, won the Nobel Prize for his work on malaria.
His story is part of the 1997 novel "The Calcutta Chromosome: A
Novel of Fevers, Delirium and Discovery" by Amitav Ghosh. In 2003
Fiammetta Rocco authored "The Miraculous Fever Tree: Malaria and the
Quest for a Cure That Changed the World."
   (WUD, 1994, p.1245)(SFEC,10/26/97, BR p.8)(WSJ,
8/26/03, p.D5)
1902Â Â Â Â Â Â Emil Fischer won the Nobel
Prize in Chemistry. He is considered as the founder of the science
of carbohydrate chemistry.
   (SFC, 10/24/03, p.E4)
1903Â Â Â Â Â Â Svante Arrhenius
(1859-1927), Swedish scientist, won the Nobel Prize in chemistry.
   (http://tinyurl.com/lxu4w)
1903Â Â Â Â Â Â Bjornstjerne Martinus
Bjornson won the Nobel Prize in literature.
   (SFC, 10/10/01, p.B8)
1903Â Â Â Â Â Â Randal Cremer (b.1838),
British trade unionist, pacifist, won the Nobel Prize.
   (MC, 3/18/02)
1903Â Â Â Â Â Â Pierre and Marie Curie won
the Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of radioactivity.
   (SSFC, 11/28/04, p.4)
1904Â Â Â Â Â Â Frederic Mistral, French
poet (d. 1914), won the Noble Prize.
   (MC, 3/25/02)
1904Â Â Â Â Â Â Ivan P. Pavlov (d.1936),
Russian physiologist, won the Nobel Prize.
   (MC, 2/27/02)
1904 Â Â Â Â Â Â John William Strutt
(1842-1919), 3rd Baron Rayleigh and British physicist, won the Nobel
Prize in Physics for his investigations of the densities of the most
important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with
these studies.
  Â
(www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1904/)
1905Â Â Â Â Â Â J.F.W. Adolf Ritter von
Baeyer (b.1835), German chemist, won the Nobel Prize in chemistry.
   (MC, 10/31/01)
1905Â Â Â Â Â Â Henryk Sienkiewicz, Polish
author, won the Nobel Prize and wrote the third work of his trilogy
"With Fire and Sword." It was preceded by "Pan Michael" and "The
Deluge." The first 2 books were made into films during the 1960s and
1970s. Filming of the 3rd work began in 1997.
   (SFC,11/18/97, p.E2)(SFC, 7/8/99, p.E3)
1905Â Â Â Â Â Â Robert Koch (b.1843),
German physician, bacteriologist, and medical researcher, won a
Nobel Prize in Medicine.
   (HN, 12/11/00)(MC, 12/11/01)
1905Â Â Â Â Â Â Bertha Kinsky von Sutner
became the first woman to win a Nobel Peace Prize. She had founded
European pacifist organizations with her husband, Artur,
   (SFEM, 1/25/98, p.28)
1906Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 10, President Theodore
Roosevelt became the first American to be awarded the Nobel Peace
Prize, for helping mediate an end to the Russo-Japanese War. This
was the first Nobel Peace Prize.
   (AP, 12/10/97)(SFC, 9/29/99, p.C3)
1906Â Â Â Â Â Â Joseph John Thomson
(b.1856), English physicist, won a Nobel Prize for his discovery of
the electron.
   (MC, 12/18/01)
1906Â Â Â Â Â Â Santiago Ramon y Cajal
(1852-1934), Spanish neuroscientist, and Italian Camillo Golgi
won the Nobel Prize in Physiology of Medicine in recognition of
their work on the structure of the nervous system.
  Â
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal)
1908Â Â Â Â Â Â Paul Ehrlich (d.1915),
German genealogist, won the Nobel Prize for his work in
Chemotherapy.
   (MC, 8/20/02)
1909Â Â Â Â Â Â Selma Lagerdorf
(1858-1940), Swedish novelist, won the Nobel Prize in Literature.
  Â
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f)
1909Â Â Â Â Â Â Guglielmo Marconi
(1874-1937), Italian engineer, won the Nobel Prize for physics for
his invention of wireless telegraphy.
   (ON, 11/99, p.10)(MC, 7/20/02)
1910Â Â Â Â Â Â Otto Wallach (d.1931),
German chemist, won the Nobel Prize.
   (SC, 2/26/02)
1911Â Â Â Â Â Â Maurice Maeterlinck
(1862-1949), Belgian poet, dramatist, and essayist, won the Nobel
Prize in Literature.
   (WUD, 1994, p.861)
1911Â Â Â Â Â Â Wilhelm Wien (1864-1928),
German physicist, won the Nobel Prize. In 1893 he used theories
about heat and electromagnetism to deduce Wien's displacement law,
which calculates the emission of a blackbody at any temperature from
the emission at any one reference temperature.
   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien)
1911Â Â Â Â Â Â Marie Curie won the Nobel
Prize in Physics for the isolation of the elements polonium and
radium.
   (SSFC, 11/28/04, p.4)
1912Â Â Â Â Â Â Alexis Carrel (b.1873),
French surgeon and biologist, won a Nobel Prize for the development
of blood vessel suture technique.
   (HN, 6/28/99)(MC, 6/28/02)
1912Â Â Â Â Â Â Gerhart Hauptmann
(b.1862), German author (Before Dawn) won the Nobel Prize in
Literature.
   (MC, 11/15/01)
1912Â Â Â Â Â Â US Sec. of State Elihu
Root won the Nobel Peace Prize.
   (SSFC, 8/15/04, p.D11)
1913Â Â Â Â Â Â Charles Richet (b.1850),
French physiologist, won the Noble Prize for his work on
anaphylaxis.
   (MC, 8/26/02)
1914Â Â Â Â Â Â No Nobel Prizes were
given. The prizes won in 1914 were awarded in 1915.
   (SFC, 10/10/01, p.B8)
1914Â Â Â Â Â Â The Nobel Prize for
Physics for the year 1914 went to Professor Max von Laue, for his
discovery of the diffraction of X-rays in crystals. The Nobel Prize
in Physics 1914 was announced on November 11, 1915.
  Â
(https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1914/press-release/)
1914Â Â Â Â Â Â The Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine 1914 was awarded to Robert Barany,Â
Austro-Hungarian otologist, "for his work on the physiology and
pathology of the vestibular apparatus." Barany received his Nobel
Prize one year later, in 1915.
  Â
(https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1914/summary/)
1914Â Â Â Â Â Â Theodore William Richards
(1868-1928), chemist, won the Nobel Prize. He was the first American
scientist to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, earning the award
"in recognition of his exact determinations of the atomic weights of
a large number of the chemical elements.
  Â
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards)
1917Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 10, The Nobel Peace
Prize was awarded to the International Red Cross.
   (HN, 12/10/98)
1917Â Â Â Â Â Â Karl Gjellerup (b.1857),
Danish poet, novelist won the Nobel Prize.
   (SC, 6/2/02)
1918Â Â Â Â Â Â Fritz Haber (1868-1934),
German chemist, won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for extracting
ammonia from nitrogen in 1909. The Haber-Bosch process was
beneficial for food production and explosives. Haber also helped
develop poison gas during WW I.
   (WSJ, 12/8/00, p.W11)(SSFC, 8/7/05, p.C6)
1919Â Â Â Â Â Â US Pres. Woodrow Wilson
won the Nobel Peace Prize.
   (AP, 10/9/09)
1920Â Â Â Â Â Â Nov 20, The Nobel Peace
Prize was awarded to US president W. Wilson.
   (MC, 11/20/01)
1920Â Â Â Â Â Â Knut Hamsun (1859-1952),
Norwegian writer, won the Nobel Prize in literature for his work
"The Growth of the Soil."
   (Econ, 11/7/09, p.79)
1920Â Â Â Â Â Â Leon Bourgeois (b.1851),
French premier (1895-96) won the Nobel Peace Prize.
   (SC, 5/29/02)
1921Â Â Â Â Â Â Frederick Soddy (b.1877),
English radiochemist, received the Nobel prize for chemistry.
   (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Soddy)
1921Â Â Â Â Â Â Anatole France (d.1924),
French satiric master, won the Nobel Prize in Literature. His books
included “Thais” (1890), “Penguin Island” (1908) and “Revolt of the
Angels” (1914).Â
   (WSJ, 2/20/96,
p.A-14)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatole_France)
  Â
1921Â Â Â Â Â Â Carlos Chagas (1879-1934),
a Brazilian doctor, won the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his 1909
discovery of how a single cell parasite carried by insects
transmitted a disease (Chagas disease) to sleeping victims.
  Â
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Chagas)(Econ, 4/11/09, p.36)
1921Â Â Â Â Â Â Albert Einstein,
Germany-born physicist, won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his
discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". His prize was
announced and awarded in 1922.
  Â
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics)
1922Â Â Â Â Â Â Jacinto Benavente y
Martinez (b.1866), Spanish dramatist, won the Nobel Prize.
   (SC, 8/12/02)
1922Â Â Â Â Â Â Otto Meyerhof (1884-1951),
German doctor, won the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his discovery of
the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the
metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle.
  Â
(http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1922/meyerhof-bio.html)
1922Â Â Â Â Â Â Fridtjof Nansen, Norwegian
Arctic explorer (1893-1896), was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace.
   (ON, 7/05, p.5)
1922Â Â Â Â Â Â Danish physicist Niels
Bohr won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his services in the
investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation
emanating from them.
  Â
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics)
1923Â Â Â Â Â Â John J.R. Macleod
(d.1935), Scottish-Canadian physiologist, won the Nobel Prize.
   (MC, 3/16/02)
1923Â Â Â Â Â Â Robert A. Millikan
(b.1868), US physicist, won the Nobel Prize.
   (MC, 3/22/02)
1924Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 24, Nobel prize for
physiology and medicine was awarded to W. Einthoven.
   (MC, 10/24/01)
1925Â Â Â Â Â Â American vice president
Charles Gates Dawes (d.1951) was awarded the 1925 Nobel Peace Prize
along with Sir Austen Chamberlin. Dawes, vice president to Calvin
Coolidge from 1925-1929, was the chief author of the 1923 Dawes Plan
for German financial reconstruction after the First World War.
Dawes, who was born in 1885 in Marietta, Ohio, was named the first
director of the U.S. Bureau of the Budget in 1921 and was ambassador
to Great Britain from 1929-32.
   (HNQ, 6/25/98)
1925Â Â Â Â Â Â George Bernard Shaw
(1856-1850), Irish-born, English dramatist, critic and social
reformer, won the Nobel Prize in Literature.
   (V.D.-H.K.p.237)(HN, 7/26/98)(AP, 3/15/00)(MC,
7/26/02)
1926Â Â Â Â Â Â Aristide Briand (d.1932),
11-time premier of France, won a Nobel Prize.
   (MC, 3/7/02)
1926Â Â Â Â Â Â Johannes Fibiger won a
Nobel Prize for supposedly finding the cause of cancer.
   (SFC, 10/8/01, p.A17)
1929Â Â Â Â Â Â Frank Kellogg (b.1856),
Secretary of State (1925-29), won the Nobel Peace Prize. He tried to
outlaw war with the Kellogg-Briand Pact.
   (HN, 12/22/98)(AP, 10/9/09)
1930Â Â Â Â Â Â Nov 5, Sinclair Lewis
(1885-1951) became the first American to win a Nobel Prize in
Literature for his 1922 novel "Babbit."
   (TMC, 1994, p.1930)(HNQ, 5/18/98)
1931Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 10, Jane Addams became
a co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, for her efforts as the
president of the Women’s International league for Peace and Freedom.
She was the first American woman so honored. She was also known for
her work as a social reformer and pacifist, and founded the Hull
House in Chicago. The co-recipient was Nicholas Murray Butler.
   (HN, 9/6/98)(WSJ, 1/2/02, p.A16)(AP, 12/10/06)
1931Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 10, Nicholas Murray
Butler (1862-1947), presidential advisor and president of Columbia
Univ. (1902-1945), was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work on
behalf of the Briand Kellogg Pact (1929), a treaty that denounced
war as an instrument of national policy. In 2006 Michael Rosenthal
authored “Nicholas Miraculous,” a biography Butler.
   (SSFC, 8/15/04, p.D11)(WSJ, 1/25/06, p.D10)
1931Â Â Â Â Â Â Karl Bosch (b.1874),
German chemist (BASF), received the Nobel Prize.
   (MC, 8/27/02)
1931Â Â Â Â Â Â Friedrich C.R. Bergius
(d.1949 at 64), chemist, won the Nobel Prize.
   (MC, 3/30/02)
1932Â Â Â Â Â Â Nov 2, Melvin Schwartz,
physicist, was born. He won the Nobel Prize for work on neutrinos.
   (HN, 11/2/00)
1932Â Â Â Â Â Â John Galsworthy
(1867-1933), English novelist and dramatist, won the Nobel Prize for
Literature.
   (WUD, 1994, p.581)
1932Â Â Â Â Â Â Werner C. Heisenberg
(1901-1976), Germany physicist, won the Nobel Prize in physics.
   (SFC, 2/7/02,
p.A2)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg)
1933Â Â Â Â Â Â Sir Norman Angell
(1872-1967), English journalist, won the Nobel Peace Prize. He was
knighted in 1931. From 1928-1931 he had served on the Council of the
Royal Institute of International Affairs, was an executive for the
World Committee against War and Fascism, a member of the executive
committee of the League of Nations Union, and the president of the
Abyssinia Association.
   (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Angell)
1934Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 10, Harold C. Urey
(1893-1981), US chemist, was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry
for his work with deuterium.
  Â
(http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1934/urey-bio.html)
1934 Â Â Â Â Â Â Luigi Pirandello
(b.1867), Italian playwright (Six Characters in Search of an
Author), won the Nobel Prize in Literature.
   (HN, 6/28/01)(MC, 6/28/02)
1934Â Â Â Â Â Â The Nobel Prize in
Medicine and Physiology was awarded to Drs. George R. Minot
(1885-1950), William P. Murphy and George H. Whipple for curing
pernicious anemia with liver extract in 1926.
   (Smith., May. 1995, p.14)(WUD, 1994 p.913)
1934Â Â Â Â Â Â Britain’s former foreign
secretary Arthur Henderson (1863-1935) won the Nobel Peace Prize for
his work on international disarmament.
   (AP,
4/3/13)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Henderson)00
1935Â Â Â Â Â Â James Chadwick
(1891-1974), British physicist, won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
  Â
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates)
1935Â Â Â Â Â Â Frederic Joliot-Curie and
Irene Joliot-Curie, French physicists, won the Nobel Prize in
Chemistry.
  Â
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates)
1935Â Â Â Â Â Â Carl Von Ossietzky
(1889-1938), German pacifist and anti-fascist writer, won the 1935
Nobel Peace Prize. Ossietzky was awarded a Nobel Prize while in a
Nazi concentration camp. On May 4, 1938, succumbed to tuberculosis
and from the after-effects of the abuse he suffered in the
concentration camps.
  Â
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky)(Econ 7/15/17,
p.38)
1936Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 16, Eugene O'Neill
(1888-1953) of the US won the Nobel Prize in Literature "for the
power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which
embody an original concept of tragedy." His work includes "A Long
Day's Journey Into Night" and "The Iceman Cometh."
   (HN,
10/16/00)(www.nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/index.html)
1936Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct, Dutch-born Peter
Debye (1884-1966), won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his studies
on the structure of molecules. In 1938, as Chairman of the German
Physical Society, he had a letter sent out under his name requesting
that the domestic Jewish members voluntarily resign. In 1940 he
moved to the US. In 2006 he emerged in a book, "Albert Einstein in
the Netherlands." which contained evidence of pro-Nazi actions. In
2008 the Terlouw Committee, appointed by the Dutch Ministry of
Education, reviewed the allegations and issued its report clearly
stating that Debye was neither a Nazi collaborator nor a Nazi
sympathizer.
   (AP, 3/3/06)(http://piurl.com/5F)
1936Â Â Â Â Â Â Carlos Saavedra Lamas,
foreign minister of Argentina, won the 1936 Nobel peace Prize for
his role in negotiating the end of the Chaco War between Bolivia and
Paraguay. The award was later discovered at a South American pawn
shop and in 2014 was put up for auction.
   (SFC, 3/13/14, p.A9)
1937Â Â Â Â Â Â Roger Martin du Guard
(b.1881), French novelist, won the Nobel Prize.
   (SS, 3/23/02)
1938Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â
Nov 10, Pearl Buck (1892-1973), pen-name of Pearl Walsh, née
Sydenstricker, received the Nobel for literature for her rich and
truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China (“The Good Earth”),
and for her biographical masterpieces.
  Â
(http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1938/index.html)
1938Â Â Â Â Â Â Gertrude Stein led a
campaign to award the Nobel Peace Prize to Adolf Hitler. Stein was
also a close friend of Bernard Fey, who collaborated with the Nazis
and was named by Hitler as head of the French national library in
Paris. Fey was convicted of war crimes after WW II.
   (SFC, 6/9/96, Z1 p.5)  Â
1939Â Â Â Â Â Â Nov 9, Nobel for physics
was awarded to Ernest O. Lawrence for his work on the cyclotron.
   (MC, 11/9/01)
1939Â Â Â Â Â Â Adolf Butenandt (b.1903),
biochemist, won the Nobel Prize.
   (HN, 3/24/01)(MC, 3/24/02)
1940-1943Â Â Â No Nobel Prizes were given.
   (SFC, 10/10/01, p.B8)
1944Â Â Â Â Â Â Nov 9, Red Cross won the
Nobel peace prize.
   (MC, 11/9/01)
1944Â Â Â Â Â Â Isidore Isaac Rabi was
awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his resonance method for
recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei.
  Â
(http://almaz.com/nobel/physics/1944a.html)Â Â Â
1944Â Â Â Â Â Â Otto Hahn 1944 was awarded
the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on nuclear fission. During
WW II physicist Lisa Meitner (1878-1968), while in hiding from
Hitler in Sweden, analyzed and understood for its significance the
work of Hahn.
   (MT, 10/94, letters, p.10)
1944Â Â Â Â Â Â Dr. Joseph Erlanger
(b.1874) won the Nobel Prize for his work in shock therapy.
   (MC, 1/5/02)
1945Â Â Â Â Â Â Nov 12, Cordell Hull
(d.1955) was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in founding
the United Nations. Hull served as secretary of state in the
Franklin Roosevelt Administration (1933-1944) longer than any other
individual. Hull, born in Tennessee in 1871, had been a U.S. senator
prior to his appointment by Roosevelt.
   (HNQ, 7/6/98)(MC, 11/12/01)
1945Â Â Â Â Â Â Sir Alexander Fleming was
awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his codiscovery of
penicillin along with Ernst B. Chain (b.1908), German chemist,
bacteriologist, and Dr. Howard Florey, who found Fleming's paper in
1938 and began clinical trials.
   (WUD, 1994, p.542)(SFC, 1/19/04, p.B4)
1945Â Â Â Â Â Â Wolfgang Pauli (b.1900),
Austrian-born physicist, received the Nobel prize.
   (SS, 4/25/02)
1946Â Â Â Â Â Â Emily Greene Balch
(1867-1961), American lawyer, share the Nobel Peace Prize with John
Raleigh Mott. Balch helped in one way or another with many projects
of the League of Nations - among them, disarmament, the
internationalization of aviation, drug control, the participation of
the United States in the affairs of the League.
   (AP,
10/9/09)(http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1946/balch-bio.html)
1946Â Â Â Â Â Â John Raleigh Mott
(1865-1955), organizer (YMCA), shared the Nobel Peace Prize with
Emily Greene Balch.
  Â
(http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1946/mott-bio.html)
1946Â Â Â Â Â Â Wendell M. Stanley and
John H. Northrup of UC Berkeley won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Northrop (b.1891), US biochemist, won for his work on crystallized
enzymes.
   (SFC, 10/8/01, p.A17)
1946Â Â Â Â Â Â Hermann Hesse (1877-1962),
Swiss-born German philosopher poet and author, was awarded the Nobel
Prize in literature "for his inspired writings which, growing in
boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian
ideals and high qualities of style."
  Â
(http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1946/)
1947Â Â Â Â Â Â Gerty Cori (1896-1957),
Prague-born American biochemist, won the Nobel Prize in Medicine.
   (AP,
10/5/09)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerty_Cori)
1948Â Â Â Â Â Â Nov 4, T.S. Eliot won the
Nobel Prize for literature.
   (MC, 11/4/01)
1948Â Â Â Â Â Â Paul Hermann Muller
(d.1965), a Geigy pesticide researcher in Switzerland, won the Noble
Prize in medicine for his 1939 synthesis of DDT.
   (ON, 11/01, p.6)
1949Â Â Â Â Â Â W.F. Giague of UC Berkeley
won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in chemical
thermodynamics.
   (TOH, 1982, p.1949)(SFC, 10/8/01, p.A17)
1949Â Â Â Â Â Â William Faulkner
(1897-1962), American novelist, was awarded the Nobel Prize for
Literature. He won the Pulitzer Prize in 1955.
   (TOH, 1982, p.1949)(HNQ, 10/29/01)
1949Â Â Â Â Â Â Portuguese neurologist
Antonio Egas Moniz (1874-1955) won the Nobel Prize in Medicine for
his pioneering work in prefrontal brain lobotomy (1936). It was
later rejected as a valid medical technique.
   (SFEC,11/2/97, Z1 p.6)(WUD, 1994, p.925)(SFC,
10/8/01, p.A17)
1949Â Â Â Â Â Â Hediki Yukawa (b.1907),
Japanese physicist, won the Nobel Prize.
   (MC, 1/23/02)
1950Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 10, Dr. Ralph J.
Bunche (b.1904) became the first African-American to receive the
Nobel Peace Prize. He won for mediating peace between Egypt and
Israel.
   (AP, 12/10/97)(HN, 12/10/98)(Econ., 1/16/21,
p.74)
1950Â Â Â Â Â Â Two doctors at the Mayo
Clinic were awarded the Nobel Prize for isolating cortisone to treat
rheumatoid arthritis. Edward Kendall, chemist, won a Nobel Prize for
isolating cortisone.
   (SFC, 7/5/96, PM, p.5)(MC, 3/8/02)
1950Â Â Â Â Â Â Bertrand Russell,
mathematician and philosopher, won the Nobel Prize for literature.
   (WUD, 1994, p.1255)
1951Â Â Â Â Â Â Nov 16, Glenn T. Seaborg
(1912-1999) and Edwin McMillan (1907-1991) of UC shared the Nobel
Prize in Chemistry for their discoveries in the chemistry of
transuranium elements beginning with plutonium, the first element
ever known to be heavier than uranium. In 1974 Seaborg co-discovered
element 106, named seaborgium.
   (SFC, 10/6/98, p.A22)(SFC, 2/27/99, p.A17)(SFC,
11/16/01, WB p.G4)
1952Â Â Â Â Â Â Nov 7, Felix Bloch (47) of
Stanford Univ. and E.M. Purcell (40) of Harvard won the Nobel Prize
in Physics for their work on measuring the magnetic properties of
atomic particles.
   (SFC, 10/8/01, p.A17)
1952Â Â Â Â Â Â Francois Mauriac (b.1885),
novelist, won the Nobel Prize in Literature.
   (HN, 10/11/00)
1952Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 30, Dr. Albert
Schweitzer (1875-1965) was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize but only
received it in 1953. Schweitzer and his wife Hélène had moved to
Gabon (French Equatorial Africa) in 1913 and opened a hospital in
Lambaréné, which he later expanded with money from the Nobel Peace
Prize.
   (AP, 10/30/97)(HNPD, 9/4/98)
1953Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 30, Gen. George C.
Marshall was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Dr. Albert Schweitzer
received his 1952 Peace Prize.
   (AP, 10/30/97)
1953Â Â Â Â Â Â Hermann Staudinger
(b.1881), German chemist, plastics researcher, won the Nobel prize.
   (SS, 3/23/02)
1954Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 30, Linus Pauling won
the Nobel prize in chemistry.
   (SFC, 10/8/01, p.A17)(MC, 10/30/01)
1954Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 28, Ernest Hemingway
received news that he was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature.
Poor health prevented him from going to Stockholm to receive it.
   (TMC, 1994, p.1954)(AH, 10/04, p.15)
1954Â Â Â Â Â Â Max Born won the Nobel
Prize in Physics for his contributions to quantum theory.
   (WSJ, 12/8/00, p.W11)
1954Â Â Â Â Â Â Walter Bothe (b.1891),
subatomic particle physicist, won the Nobel Prize.
   (MC, 1/8/02)
1954Â Â Â Â Â Â Thomas Weller (1915-2008),
John Enders (1897-1985) and Frederick Robbins (1916-2003) won the
Nobel Prize in Medicine for their discovery of the ability of
poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of
tissue.
  Â
(http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1954/)(LSA,
Spring, 2009, p.56)
1955Â Â Â Â Â Â Nov 2, Dr. Willis E. Lamb
(1913-2008) of Stanford Univ. and Dr. Polykarp Kusch of Columbia
Univ. were named co-winners of the Nobel Prize in physics. They came
up with complementary discoveries in nuclear physics in 1947.
   (SFC, 10/28/05, p.F3)(SFC, 5/23/08, p.B10)
1955Â Â Â Â Â Â Halldor Laxness
(1902-1998), Icelandic author, won the Nobel Prize in Literature.
His 1946 novel "Independent People" helped him win the prize.
   (SFC, 2/11/98,
p.A24)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halld%C3%B3r_Laxness)
1956Â Â Â Â Â Â Nov 1, Walter Brattain,
John Bardeen and William Shockley were awarded the Nobel Prize in
physics for the invention of the transistor. The trio invented the
transistor in 1948 at the Bell Laboratories. William Schockley,
co-developer of the transistor, founded Schockley Semiconductor
Laboratory in Palo Alto this year. Two of his hires, Robert Noyce
and Gordon Moore, later went on to start Intel Corp. Tim Jackson in
1998 published "Inside Intel."
   (SFEC, 8/17/97, BR p.4)(WSJ, 2/13/98, p.A13)(HNQ,
12/23/99)
1956Â Â Â Â Â Â Werner Forssman
(1904-1979), German urologist, won the Nobel Prize. He was the first
to catheterize his own heart.
   (MC, 8/29/01)
1957Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 14, Lester Bowles
Pearson (1897-1972, former president of the UN General Assembly
(1952-1953) and later Canadian PM (1963-1968) won the Nobel Peace
Prize for his role in defusing the Suez crisis.
  Â
(www.un.org/depts/dhl/deplib/un_milestones.htm)(http://tinyurl.com/ojxcz)
1957Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 17, French author
Albert Camus was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature.
   (WUD, 1994, p.524)(AP, 10/17/97)
1958Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 23, Boris Pasternak
won the Nobel Prize in literature. However, Soviet authorities
pressured Pasternak into relinquishing the award.
   (SFC,11/27/97, p.B3)(AP, 10/23/99)
1958Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 29, Boris Pasternak
refused the Nobel prize for literature. Pasternak's novel "Dr.
Zhivago" was on the best seller list in the west.
   (WSJ, 10/10/95, p.A-14)(MC, 10/29/01)
1958Â Â Â Â Â Â Pavel Cerenkov, Russian
physicist, was awarded the Nobel prize for his work in the 1930s
showing when a charged particle travels through any medium at a
speed exceeding the speed of light in the medium (but not the speed
of light in a vacuum), it emits light in a cone. This is called
Cerenkov radiation.
   (JST-TMC,1983, p.99)
1958Â Â Â Â Â Â Joshua Lederberg
(1925-2008), molecular biologist, won the Nobel Prize in physiology
or medicine for discovering that bacteria reproduced sexually in a
process called recombination. Lederberg shared the prize with Prof.
George Tatum of Yale and George Beadle.
   (SFC, 2/8/08, p.B9)
1959Â Â Â Â Â Â Owen Chamberlain
(1920-2006) and Emilio Segre of UC Berkeley received the Nobel Prize
in Physics for their 1955 discovery of the anti-proton. Oreste
Piccioni (d.2002 at 86) did many of the landmark experiments that
led to the discoveries.
   (SFC, 10/10/96, p.A1)(SFC, 5/1/02, p.A22)(SFC,
3/2/06, p.B7)
1959Â Â Â Â Â Â Arthur Kornberg
(1918-2007) of Stanford Univ. won the Nobel Prize for physiology of
medicine. He shared the prize with Severo Ochoa for their research
on how genetic information is transferred from one DNA molecule to
another.
   (SFC, 10/8/01, p.A17)(SFC, 10/27/07, p.A2)
1960Â Â Â Â Â Â Alexis Saint-Leger
(1887-1975), Guadeloupe-born French poet and diplomat, won the Nobel
Prize for literature. He wrote under the pseudonym Saint John Perse.
  Â
(http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Leger,+Alexis+Saint-Leger)
1960Â Â Â Â Â Â Donald A. Glaser
(1926-2013) of UC Berkeley, inventor of the bubble chamber, won the
Nobel Prize in Physics.
   (SFC, 10/10/96, p.A1)(SFC, 3/19/13, p.C6)
1960Â Â Â Â Â Â Albert John Lutuli
(Luthuli) (c1898-1967), tribal chief and president-general of the
African National Congress, won the Nobel Peace prize.
  Â
(http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1960/lutuli-bio.html)
1961Â Â Â Â Â Â Melvin Calvin (b.1911), US
chemist, won the Nobel Prize for his work on photosynthesis.
   (MC, 4/8/02)
1961Â Â Â Â Â Â Robert Hofstadter of
Stanford won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
   (SFC, 10/10/96, p.A1)
1961Â Â Â Â Â Â Ivo Andric of Yugoslavia
won the Nobel Prize in Literature.
   (AP, 10/8/09)
1962Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 25, American author
John Steinbeck (62) was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature.
   (WUD, 1994, p.1392)(AP, 10/25/97)
1962Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 18, Dr. James D.
Watson of the United States and Dr. Francis Crick and Dr. Maurice
Wilkins (d.2004) of Britain, were named winners of the Nobel Prize
for Medicine and Physiology for their work in determining the
double-helix molecular structure of DNA.
   (AP, 10/18/02)(SFC, 3/19/98, p.C4)
1962Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct, Linus Pauling won the
Nobel Peace Prize. In 1954 he won a Nobel in Chemistry.
   (SFC, 9/16/98, p.E1)(SFC, 10/8/01, p.A17)
1962Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct, Max Perutz
(1914-2002), Austrian-born molecular biologist, won the Nobel Prize
in chemistry for his work in England on the structure of hemoglobin.
   (Econ, 8/25/07,
p.77)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Perutz)
1963Â Â Â Â Â Â Eugene Paul Wigner
(1902-1995), Hungarian-born mathematician and physicist, won the
Nobel Prize in Physics.
   (HN, 11/17/00)(MC, 11/17/01)
1963Â Â Â Â Â Â Giorgos Seferis
(1900-1971), Turkish-born Greek poet, won the Nobel Prize in
Literature. Seferis was the pen name of Georgios Seferiades
   (AP,
10/8/09)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis)
1963Â Â Â Â Â Â Sir Andrew Huxley
(1917-2012), British neurophysiologist shared a Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine with Alan Hodgkin and John Eccles.
   (Econ, 6/16/12,
p.102)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Huxley)
1964Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 22, Jean Paul Sartre
(1905-1980), philosopher and novelist, declined the Nobel Prize for
Literature.
   (WUD, 1994 p.1269)(HN, 10/22/00)
1964Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 14, Civil rights
leader Rev. Martin Luther King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for
advocating a policy of non-violence.
   (SFC, 10/3/96, p.C6)(AP, 10/14/97)(HN, 10/14/98)
1964Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 10, Dr. Martin Luther
King Jr. received the Nobel Peace Prize during ceremonies in Oslo,
Norway.
   (AP, 12/10/97)
1964Â Â Â Â Â Â Konrad Bloch (d.2000 at
88) and Feodor Lynen shared the Nobel Prize in medicine and
physiology for their work on cholesterol and fatty acids.
   (SFC, 10/17/00, p.A28)
1964Â Â Â Â Â Â Charles H. Townes
(1915-2015) of UC Berkeley won the Nobel Prize in Physics. He shared
the prize for work in quantum electronics with Nikolai Basov (d.2001
at 78) and Alexander Prokhorov, Soviets who did parallel work.
   (SFC, 10/10/96, p.A1)(SFC, 7/5/01, p.D2)(SFC,
1/29/15, p.D4)
1965Â Â Â Â Oct 21, Robert B. Woodward was awarded
the Nobel prize for chemistry, "for his outstanding achievements in
the art of organic synthesis."
  Â
(http://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/1965/index.html)
1965Â Â Â Â Â Â Mikhail Sholokhov
(b.1905), Russian novelist (And Quiet Flows the Don), won a
Nobel Prize in Literature.
   (HN, 5/24/01)(MC, 5/24/02)
1965Â Â Â Â Â Â Richard Feynman
(1918-1988), theoretical physicist won a Nobel Prize.
   (MC, 5/11/02)
1966Â Â Â Â Â Â The Nobel prize in
medicine was awarded to Dr. Charles B. Huggins (1902-1997) for
research on the relationship between hormones and cancers of the
prostrate and breast.
   (SFC, 1/16/97, p.C4)
1966Â Â Â Â Â Â Robert Mulliken (b.1896),
US chemist, physicist won the Nobel Prize.
   (SC, 6/7/02)
1966Â Â Â Â Â Â S.Y. Agnon (1888-1970),
Jewish writer, shared the Nobel Prize in Literature with Nelly
Sachs, a German-born Swede.
   (www.kirjasto.sci.fi/agnon.htm)(AP, 10/8/09)
1967Â Â Â Â Â Â Miguel A. Asturias
(1899-1974) of Guatemala won the Nobel Prize in Literature.
   (AP,
10/8/09))(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias)
1967Â Â Â Â Â Â Hans Bethe (1906-2005),
German-born peace worker and physicist, won the Nobel Prize for
explaining how the sun and stars generate energy.
   (SFC, 3/8/05, p.B5)
1967Â Â Â Â Â Â George Wald (d.1997 at
90), won a Nobel Prize for his work on the biochemistry of vision.
He helped discover Vitamin A in the retina and retinol as a
component of the visual cycle as a National Research Council fellow
in Germany in 1932.
   (SFC, 4/14/97, p.A19)
1968Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 19, Yasonari Kawabata
(1899-1972), Japanese novelist (Thousand Cranes) won the Nobel Prize
in Literature.
  Â
(http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1968/kawabata-docu.html)
1968Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 30, Luis W. Alvarez
(1911-1988) of UC Berkeley won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his
work on the bubble chamber.
   (SFC, 10/10/96,
p.A1)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez)
1968Â Â Â Â Â Â The Nobel Memorial Prize
in Economic Sciences was first endowed by Sweden’s central bank. It
is the only Nobel Prize that was not created by Alfred Nobel in
1901.
   (WSJ, 10/11/95, p. A-16)(WSJ, 10/15/98, p.A22)
1968Â Â Â Â Â Â Har Gobind Khorana
(1922-2011), India-born biochemist, shared a Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine with Marshall W. Nirenberg and Robert W.
Holley for helping unravel how genetic information in a cell is used
to make proteins vital for human life.
   (SFC, 11/12/11,
p.A8)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Gobind_Khorana)
1969Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct, Economists Jan
Timbergen (1903-1994) of the Netherlands and Ragnar Frisch of Norway
were awarded the first Nobel Prize in Economics for having developed
and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes.
Tinbergen was a founding trustee of Economists for Peace and
Security.
   (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen)
1969Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct, The Nobel prize in
Literature was awarded to Irish writer Samuel Beckett (1906-1989).
He learned of the award while on holiday in Tunisia and avoided the
ceremony.
   (WSJ, 7/11/97,
p.A12)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Beckett)
1970Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 8, Soviet author
Alexander Solzhenitsyn was named winner of the Nobel Prize for
literature.
   (AP, 10/8/97)
1970Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct, David Baltimore (37)
of MIT won a Nobel Prize for discovering the reverse transcriptase
enzyme. In 2001 Shane Crotty authored "Ahead of the Curve," an
account of Baltimore’s work and ten year defense over a 1986
controversy over scientific data and the work of junior colleague
Thereza Imanishi-Kari.
   (WSJ, 8/1/01, p.A12)
1970Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct, Sir Bernard Katz
(d.2003 at 92) shared the Nobel Prize (medicine or physiology) for
his discovery of how nerve cells communicate with each other and
with the muscles they control. Ulf von Euler of Sweden and Julius
Axelrod (d.2005) of the US shared the prize for their work on
neuro-transmitters.
   (SFC, 5/1/03, A21)
1970Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct, The Nobel Peace Prize
was won by Norman Borlaug (1914-2009) for his development of
high-yield wheat varieties for which he was dubbed father of the
"Green Revolution." In 2006 Leon Hesser authored ”The Man Who Fed
the World,” a biography of Borlaug.
  Â
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Borlaug)(WSJ, 9/5/06,
p.D8)(SFC, 9/14/09, p.A7)
1970Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct, The Nobel Prize for
Physics was won by Louis Neel (d.2000 at 95) of France for
discoveries about magnetic fields and Hanes Alfven of Sweden for
work on interactions between plasmas and magnetic fields.
   (SFC, 11/25/00, p.A23)
1970Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct, Paul Samuelson
(1915-2009), American economist and MIT professor, won the Nobel
Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his effort to bring
mathematical analysis into economics.
   (SFC, 12/14/09, p.D1)
1971Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 20, Willy Brandt, West
German Chancellor, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for beginning
the German reunification.
   (WUD, 1994, p. 1688)(MC, 10/20/01)
1971Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 21, Nobel prize for
literature was awarded to Chilean poet Pablo Neruda (1904-1973).
   (MC, 10/21/01)(SSFC, 8/31/03, p.M3)
1971Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct, Earl W. Sutherland
Jr. (1915-1974), US pharmacologist, won the Nobel Prize in Medicine
for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of
hormones.
  Â
(http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1971/press.html)
1971Â Â Â Â Â Â Simon Kuznets (1901-1985),
Belarus-born American economist, won the Nobel Memorial Prize in
Economic Sciences “for his empirically founded interpretation of
economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the
economic and social structure and process of development.”
   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Kuznets)
1972Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 10, Kenneth Arrow
(1921-2017) of Stanford Univ. shared the Nobel Prize in economics
with John R. Hicks (1904-1989) of Oxford, England.
  Â
(http://economics.about.com/cs/nobelwinners/l/blnobel.htm)(SFC,
2/22/17, p.A12)
1972Â Â Â Â Â Â Heinrich Boll (1917-1985)
of West Germany won the Nobel Prize in Literature.
   (AP,
10/8/09)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll)
1973Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 16, Henry Kissinger,
US Secretary of State (1973-77), and Le Duc Tho were named winners
of the Nobel Peace Prize; however, the Vietnamese official declined
the award.
   (AP,
10/16/98)(http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1973/press.html)
1973Â Â Â Â Â Â Konrad Lorenz (1903-1989),
Austrian zoologist, won the Nobel Prize.
   (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz)
1973Â Â Â Â Â Â Leo Esaki (b.1925), [Esaki
Reona], Japanese-born physicist, won the Nobel Prize.
   (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Esaki)
1973Â Â Â Â Â Â Patrick White (1912-1990),
British-born Australian, won the Nobel Prize in Literature.
   (AP,
10/8/09)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_White)
1974Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 15, Nobel prize for
chemistry was awarded to Paul J. Flory of Stanford Univ. for his
work on macro molecules.
  Â
(http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1974/press.html)
1974Â Â Â Â Â Â Albert Claude (1899-1983),
Belgium-born biologist, won the Nobel for his work on the
sub-structure of the cell. He shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology
or Medicine with Christian de Duve (1917-2013) and George E. Palade,
for describing the structure and function of organelles (lysosomes
and peroxisomes) in biological cells.
   (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_de_Duve)
1974Â Â Â Â Â Â Friedrich August von Hayek
(1899-1992) of the UK and Gunnar Myrdal (1898-1987) of Sweden shared
the Nobel Prize for Economics Science. Hayek was later awarded the
Presidential Medal of Freedom by Pres. George Bush.
  Â
(http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1974/)(WSJ,
5/7/99, p.A18)
1974Â Â Â Â Â Â Eisaku Sato (b.1901),
premier of Japan, and Ireland’s Sean MacBride, president of the
Int’l. Peace Bureau, won the Nobel Peace Prize.
   (www.almaz.com/nobel/nobel.html)
1974Â Â Â Â Â Â Eyvind Johnson and Harry
Martinson of Sweden shared the Nobel Prize in Literature.
   (AP, 10/8/09)
1975Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 9, Soviet scientist
Andrei Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
   (AP, 10/9/97)
1975Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct, Vladimir Prelog
(d.1998 at age 91), a Swiss chemist, won the Nobel Prize in
Chemistry for his work in stereochemistry and the architecture of
molecules like cholesterol and antibiotics. John Cornforth,
Australia-born chemist, also shared the prize.
   {Nobel Prize, Chemistry, Switzerland, Australia}
   (SFC, 1/17/98,
p.A19)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates)
1975Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct, Aage Nills Bohr
(b.1922), Denmark-born physicist, won the Nobel Prize in Physics for
his study of the atomic nucleus. Ben Mottelson (b.1926),
Danish-American physicist and James Rainwater (1917-1986), American
physicist, also shared the prize.
  Â
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates)
1975Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct, Eugenio Montale
(1896-1981), Italian poet, won the Nobel Prize for Literature. In
1999 two collections of his poetry were translated and published in
English: Collected Poems 1920-1954" and "Satura 1962-1970."
   (SFEC, 2/28/99, BR p.8)
1975Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 10, Elena Bonner
Sacharova (b.1923) read Andrei Sacharov’s Nobel Peace Prize
acceptance speech in Oslo.
  Â
(http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1975/sakharov-acceptance.html)
1976Â Â Â Â Â Â Milton Friedman won the
1976 Nobel Prize in economics and retired to the Hoover Inst. at
Stanford.
   (WSJ, 7/9/96, p.A18)(WSJ, 5/27/98, p.A20)
1976Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 21, Saul Bellow won
the Nobel Prize for literature, the first American honored since
John Steinbeck in 1962.
   (AP, 10/21/01)
1976Â Â Â Â Â Â Baruch S. Blumberg
(1925-2011) of NASA Ames Astrobiology Inst. won the Nobel Prize in
medicine or physiology. He had discovered a virus that caused
hepatitis and a vaccine to prevent it.
   (SFC, 10/8/01, p.A17)(Econ, 4/30/11, p.92)
1976Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct, Dr. Carleton Gajdusek
shared the Nobel Prize in medicine for proving the existence of a
certain kind of virus. In 1996 he was arrested for on charges of
molesting a teenage boy whom he brought from Micronesia to live with
him in Maryland.
   (SFC, 4/4/96, p.A-3)
1976Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct, Mairead Corrigan
Maguire was a co-winner of the Nobel Prize for Peace for her efforts
to stop bloodshed in Northern Ireland.
   (SFC, 10/8/99, p.A12)
1976Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct, Burton Richter of
Stanford and Samuel Ting of MIT won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Their work with the SPEAR machine revealed the Psi-particle, a
subatomic object that lasts for a tiny fraction of a second. It
confirmed that protons and neutrons were composed of smaller quarks.
   (SFC, 10/10/96, p.A1)(SFC, 5/1/97, p.A7)(SFC,
11/24/98, p.A20)
1977Â Â Â Â Â Â Amnesty International
(b.1961), a human rights organization founded by Peter Benenson
(1921-2005), won a Nobel Prize.
   (HN, 5/28/98)(Econ, 3/5/05, p.85)
1977Â Â Â Â Â Â Sir Neville Mott
(1906-1996) shared the Nobel Prize with Philip Anderson and John van
Vleck for research on the behavior of electricity in non-crystalline
or so-called "disordered" materials.
   (SFC, 8/11/96, p.D5)
1977Â Â Â Â Â Â Ilya Prigogine (d.2003 at
86), Russian-born Belgian chemist, won the Nobel Prize in chemistry.
   (SFC, 5/31/03, p.A20)
1977Â Â Â Â Â Â Rosalyn Yalow (b.1921),
American medical physicist, together with Roger Guillemin and Andrew
V. Schally, won the Nobel Prize in Medicine.
   (AP,
10/5/09)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow)
1977Â Â Â Â Â Â Vicente Aleixandre
(1898-1984), Spanish poet, won the Nobel Prize in Literature.
   (AP, 10/8/09)
1978Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 5, Isaac Bashevis
Singer (1902-1991), Polish-born American author, was named winner of
the Nobel Prize for literature.
   (AP, 10/5/98)
1978Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 27, Egyptian President
Anwar Sadat (1918-1981) and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin
were named winners of the Nobel Peace Prize for their progress
toward achieving a Middle East accord. Sadat: "There can be hope
only for a society which acts as one big family, and not as many
separate ones."
   (AP, 10/27/97)(AP, 5/9/98)(HN, 12/25/98)
1979Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 11, Allan McLeod
Cormack and Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield won Nobel Prize for medicine
for developing CAT scan.
   (AP, 10/11/04)
1979Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 17, Mother Teresa of
India, head of the Missionaries of Charity, was awarded the Nobel
Peace Prize for her years of work on behalf of the destitute in
Calcutta.
   (SFC, 3/14/97, p.A13)(AP, 10/17/97)
1979Â Â Â Â Â Â Sir Arthur Lewis
(1915-1991), an economist from St. Lucia, shared the Nobel Prize in
Economics with Theodore Schultz (1902-1998).
  Â
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Schultz)(Econ, 9/6/08, p.90)
1979Â Â Â Â Â Â Abdus Salam (1926-1990),
Pakistan-born physicist, shared the Nobel Prize in physics with
Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg for work on unifying the
electromagnetic force and the weak nuclear force.
   (SFC, 11/22/96,
p.A28)(www.nobelprizes.com/nobel/physics/1979b.html)
1979Â Â Â Â Â Â Odysseus Elytis
(1911-1996), Greek poet, won the Nobel Prize in Literature.
   (AP,
10/8/09)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis)
1980Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 14, Paul Berg of
Stanford Univ. won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Walter
Gilbert of Harvard and Frederick Sanger of Cambridge for their roles
in genetics research.
   (SFC, 10/8/01, p.A17)(SFC, 10/14/05, p.F2)
1980Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 10, Czeslaw Milosz of
UC Berkeley, a Polish-born American, received the Nobel Prize in
literature from King Carl Gustaf in Sweden.
   (SFC, 12/9/05, p.F2)(AP, 10/8/09)
1980Â Â Â Â Â Â Jean Dausset (1916-2009),
French immunologist, shared the Nobel Prize for medicine with
Americans George D. Snell and Baruj Benacerraf for their work on
genetically determined structures on cell surfaces that regulate
immunological reactions. Dausset's discovery in 1958 of the human
leukocyte antigen (HLA) tissue system allowed doctors to verify
compatibility between donor and receiver for an organ transplant.
   (AP, 6/24/09)
1980Â Â Â Â Â Â Lawrence R. Klein of the
United States won the Nobel Prize in Economics for the creation of
certain econometric models.
   (AP, 10/11/09)
1980Â Â Â Â Â Â Swedish-German
philanthropist Jakob von Uexkull founded the Right Livelihood
Awards to recognize work he felt was being ignored by the
Nobel Prizes.
   (AP, 10/13/09)
1981Â Â Â Â Â Â James Tobin (d.2002), key
Kennedy advisor, won the Nobel Prize in economics for his portfolio
theory.
   (WSJ, 3/13/02,
p.A1)(http://www.almaz.com/nobel/economics/1981a.html)
1981Â Â Â Â Â Â Arthur Schawlow (d.1999 at
77) of Stanford won the Nobel Prize in Physics. He with his
brother-in-law and Charles Townes of UC Berkeley shared credit for
inventing the laser. They developed the laser in the 1950s and made
a working model in 1960 while working for Bell Laboratories.
   (SFC, 10/10/96, p.A1)(SFC, 4/29/99, p.D6)
1981Â Â Â Â Â Â Elias Canetti (1905-1994),
Bulgarian-born British novelist and essayist, won the Nobel Prize in
Literature. His ancestors were Sephardic Jews who had been expelled
from Spain in 1492.
   (AP,
10/8/09)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Canetti)
1982Â Â Â Â Â Â Swedish scientists Dr.
Sune Karl Bergstrom (d.2004), Bengt Samuelsson and John R. Vane of
Britain shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or medicine for their
work on natural chemicals involved in birth, blood clotting and pain
control. Samuelson received the Nobel Prize for his work in 1979
when he identified a natural chemical produced in the body that
helps spawn the severe, breath shortening attacks that are the
hallmark of asthma.
   (WSJ, 4/5/96, p.B-1)(SFC, 8/19/04, p.B7)
1982Â Â Â Â Â Â George Stigler (1911-1991)
of the Univ. of Chicago won the Nobel Prize in Economics for studies
of industrial structures and the causes and effects of public
regulation. Stigler had studied the process by which people acquired
information.
   (Econ, 11/25/06, p.80)(AP, 10/11/09)(Econ,
10/16/10, p.92)
1982Â Â Â Â Â Â Gabriel Garcia Marquez
(1928-2014), Columbian-born novelist, won the Nobel Prize in
Literature.
  Â
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez)
1983Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 5, Lech Walesa, Polish
Solidarity founder, was named winner of the Nobel Peace Prize.
   (SFC, 10/12/96, p.A13)(AP, 10/5/08)
1983Â Â Â Â Â Â Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his insight into black holes.
Chandrasekhar was the nephew of Nobel-prize winning physicist C. V.
Raman.
   (WSJ, 6/30/05,
p.D8)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subramanyan_Chandrasekhar)
1983Â Â Â Â Â Â Gerard Debreu (1921-2004)
of UC Berkeley won the Nobel Prize in Economics for offering proof
of how prices affect the supplies of goods bought and sold.
   (SFC, 10/8/01, p.A17)(SFC, 1/6/05, p.B1)
1983Â Â Â Â Â Â William Golding
(1911-1993), English author, received the Nobel Prize for
literature.
   (WSJ, 10/5/95, p.A-12)
1983Â Â Â Â Â Â Barbara McClintock
(1902-1992), American geneticist, won the Nobel prize.
   {Nobel Prize, USA, DNA}
   (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_McClintock)
1983Â Â Â Â Â Â Henry Taube won a Nobel
Prize in chemistry.
   (SFC, 11/21/96, p.D4)
1984Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 16, Desmond Tutu,
black Anglican Archbishop in South Africa, won the Nobel Peace Prize
for his decades of non-violent struggle for racial equality.
   (SFC, 6/23/96, BR, p.32)(AP, 10/16/04)
1984Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct, Jaroslav Seifert of
Czechoslovakia won the Nobel Prize for literature.
   (SFC, 3/30/02, p.A19)
1984Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct, Richard Stone of
Great Britain, won the Nobel Prize in Economics for contributions to
the development of systems of national accounts.
   (AP, 10/11/09)
1984Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct, Simon van der Meer
(1925-2011), Dutch physicist, and Carlo Rubbia (b.1934), Italian
physicist, shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for contributions to
the CERN project which led to the discovery of the W and Z
particles, two of the most fundamental constituents of matter.
   (Econ, 3/19/11,
p.96)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer)
1985Â Â Â Â Â Â Franco Modigliani (d.2003
at 85), Italian economist at MIT, won the Nobel Prize in economics
for his research on savings habits of people and the market value of
businesses.
   (WSJ, 9/26/03, p.A1)(Econ, 11/14/09, p.88)
1985Â Â Â Â Â Â The Nobel Peace Prize was
awarded to the International Physicians for the prevention of
Nuclear War. Dr. Bernard Lown, a Harvard cardiologist, accepted the
prize on behalf of the physicians.
   (SFC, 10/12/96, p.A13)(SFEC, 12/8/96, zone 1
p.3)(SFC, 12/3/97, p.D3)
1985Â Â Â Â Â Â Claude Simon (1913-2005,
French novelist, won the Nobel Prize in Literature.
   (AP,
10/8/09)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Simon)
1986Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 14, Holocaust survivor
and human rights advocate Elie Wiesel in the US was named winner of
the Nobel Peace Prize.
   (SFC, 10/12/96, p.A13)(AP, 10/14/97)
1986Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 10, Human rights
advocate and Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel accepted the Nobel Peace
Prize.
   (AP, 12/10/06)
1986Â Â Â Â Â Â The Nobel Prize in
literature was awarded to Wole Soyinka of Nigeria.
   (WSJ, 10/15/96, p.A16)
1986Â Â Â Â Â Â Rita Levi Montalcini
(1909-2012), Italian scientist, shared the Nobel Prize for Medicine
with American Stanley Cohen for discovering mechanisms that regulate
the growth of cells and organs.
   (AP, 4/19/09)(Econ, 1/5/13, p.74)
1986Â Â Â Â Â Â James M. Buchanan Jr.
(1919-2013) of the United States won the Nobel Prize in Economics
for research in the theory of economic and political
decision-making.
   (WSJ, 4/25/96, p.A-18)(AP, 10/11/09)(Econ,
1/19/12, p.76)
1986Â Â Â Â Â Â Swiss physicists Gerd
Binning and Heinrich Rohrer (1933-2013) at IBM's Almaden Research
Center won the Nobel Prize in Physics for inventing the
scanning-tunneling microscope used to see and manipulate atoms. They
shared the prize with Ernst Ruska.
   (SJBJ, Jan., '96,
p.40)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer)
1987Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 13, Costa Rican
President Oscar Arias was named winner of the Nobel Peace Prize for
his efforts on behalf of a Central American peace plan to end the
war in Nicaragua.
   (AP, 10/13/97)(WSJ, 12/12/97, p.A19)
1987Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 22, Nobel prize for
literature was awarded to Joseph Brodsky (1940-1996). At an
interview in the Stockholm airport, to a question: "You are an
American citizen who is receiving the Prize for Russian-language
poetry. Who are you, an American or a Russian?" He responded: "I am
Jewish".
  Â
(http://tinyurl.com/zx2yz)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky)
1987Â Â Â Â Â Â Donald J. Cram (d.2001 at
82) won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for synthesizing molecules that
mimicked some chemistry reactions of life. He later created "prison:
molecules that enclosed smaller molecules.
   (SFC, 6/22/01, p.D6)
1987Â Â Â Â Â Â Susumu Tonegawa of Japan
won the Nobel Prize in medicine for the discovery of the process
that enables the body to produce thousands of different antibodies
to fight disease.
   (SFEC, 10/8/96, A9)
1987Â Â Â Â Â Â Robert M. Solow of the
United States won the Nobel Prize in Economics for contributions to
the theory of economic growth.
   (AP, 10/11/09)
1988Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 13, Egyptian novelist
Naguib Mahfouz was named recipient of the Nobel Prize for
Literature.
   (AP, 10/13/98)
1988Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 18, Maurice Allais of
France won the Nobel Prize in economics for contributions to the
theory of markets and the efficient use of resources.
   (SFC, 10/15/98, p.A2)(AP, 10/18/98)(AP, 10/11/09)
1988Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 19, Three West Germans
were named winners of the Nobel Prize in chemistry; three Americans
received the Nobel Prize in physics: Melvin Schwartz (1933-2006),
Leon Lederman and Jack Steinberger won for their research into the
innermost structure and dynamics of matter. They won for discovering
the subatomic particle called the muon neutrino. In 2015 Lederman
sold his Nobel Prize at auction for $765,002.
   (AP, 10/19/98)(SFC, 8/29/06, p.B5)(SFC, 5/30/15,
p.A5)
1988Â Â Â Â Â Â Gertrude B. Elion
(1918-1999), American biochemist, won the Nobel Prize in Medicine.
   (AP,
10/5/09)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion)
1988Â Â Â Â Â Â The Nobel Peace Prize was
awarded to the UN Peacekeeping Operations.
   (SFC, 10/12/96, p.A13)
1989Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 5, The Dalai Lama, the
spiritual and temporal leader of Tibet, was named winner of the
Nobel Peace Prize.
   (WSJ, 12/2/98, p.A22)(AP, 10/5/99)
1989Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 19, Camilo Jose Cela
(d.2002 at 85)) of Spain received the Nobel Prize for literature.
   (AP, 10/19/99)(WSJ, 1/18/02, p.A1)
1989Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct, The Nobel Prize in
Economics was awarded to Trygve Haavelmo of Norway, for
clarification of the probability theory foundation of econometrics.
   (SFC, 10/15/98, p.A2)(AP, 10/11/09)
1989Â Â Â Â Â Â J. Michael Bishop and
Harold E. Varmus of the UC San Francisco won the Nobel Prize in
medicine for their 1976 discovery of a family of genes, oncogenes in
chickens, that helped scientists understand how cancer
develops. In 1998 Robert A. Weinberg published "One Renegade
Cell," a primer on the discovery of oncogenes.
   (SFEC, 10/8/96, A9)(SFC, 2/6/98, p.A1)(WSJ,
11/25/98, p.A16)
1990Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 11, Octavio Paz was
named the winner of the Nobel Prize for literature, the first
Mexican writer so honored.
   (SFC, 4/20/98, p.A17)(AP, 10/11/00)
1990      Oct 8, American
doctors Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas were named recipients
of the Nobel Prize in medicine for their discoveries about organ and
cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease. In 1954 a
Boston a team led by Dr. Joseph Murray at Peter Bent Brigham
Hospital performed the 1st successful transplant of a kidney
between identical twins.
   (SFEC, 10/8/96, A9)(SFEC, 1/30/00, p.A14)(AP,
10/8/00)(SFC, 12/3/01, p.A17)
1990Â Â Â Â Â Â The Nobel Prize for
economics was awarded to Merton M. Miller (d.2000) of the Univ. of
Chicago for his work in the theory of financial economics. William
F. Sharpe of Stanford Univ. and Harry Markowitz were also winners.
Harry Markowitz won the Nobel Prize for his 1952 theory behind
portfolio diversification.
   (WSJ, 10/11/95, p. A-1)(WSJ, 4/25/96,
p.A-18)(WSJ, 10/21/96, p.A18)(SFC, 10/15/98, p.A2)(SFC, 6/5/00,
p.A17)
1990Â Â Â Â Â Â Soviet President Mikhail
S. Gorbachev won the Nobel Peace Prize.
   (AP, 6/5/01)
1990Â Â Â Â Â Â Richard Taylor of Stanford
won the Nobel Prize in Physics. He shared the prize with Prof. Henry
W. Kendall (d.1999 at 72) for experimental work that led to proof of
the existence of quarks.
   (SFC, 10/10/96, p.A1)(SFC, 2/17/99, p.C3)
1991Â Â Â Â Â Â Jun 5, Soviet President
Mikhail S. Gorbachev delivered his delayed Nobel Peace lecture in
Oslo, Norway, warning that Western failure to heed his call for
economic aid could dash hopes for a peaceful new world order.
   (AP, 6/5/01)
1991Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 3, South African
author Nadine Gordimer was named winner of the Nobel Prize in
literature.
   (SFEC, 1/11/98, BR p.3)(AP, 10/3/01)
1991Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 14, Burmese opposition
leader Aung San Suu Kyi was named winner of the Nobel Peace Prize
for her non-violent promotion of democracy. Her award was accepted
by her husband, Michael Aris (d.1999 at 53) and their sons. A
collection of her writings is titled "Freedom From Fear."
   (SFC, 5/22/96, p.C-1)(SFEC, 3/28/99, p.D6)(AP,
10/14/01)
1991Â Â Â Â Â Â Erwin Neher and Bert
Sakmann of Germany won the Nobel Prize in medicine for their
discoveries concerning single ion channels that shed light on
mechanisms underlying several diseases, including diabetes and
cystic fibrosis.
   (SFEC, 10/8/96, A9)
1991Â Â Â Â Â Â The Nobel Prize in
economics was awarded to Ronald H. Coase of Britain for "the
discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs
and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning
of the economy." Coase noted that the cost of gathering information
determines the size of organizations.
   (WSJ, 10/11/95, p. A-1)(SFC, 10/15/98,
p.A2)(SSFC, 1/11/04, p.D1)
1991Â Â Â Â Â Â The satirical Ig Nobel
prize was established by the American magazine Annals of Improbable
Research.
   (Econ, 3/23/13, p.85)
1992Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 8, Derek Walcott
(1930-2013), West Indies born poet (Saint Lucia), was named winner
of the Nobel Prize in literature. In 2014 an anthology of his poetry
was published.
   (AP, 10/8/97)(Econ, 3/20/10, p.94)(Econ, 4/26/14,
p.81)
1992Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 14, The Nobel Prize
for chemistry went to American Rudolph A. Marcus; the prize for
physics went to George Charpak of France.
   (AP, 10/14/97)
1992Â Â Â Â Â Â The Nobel Prize in
economics was awarded to Gary S. Becker (1930-2014) of Stanford’s
Hoover Inst. for "having extended the domain of microeconomic
analysis to a wide range of human behavior and interaction,
including non-market behavior." A collection of his essays from
Business Week was published in 1996 as: "The Economics of Life."
Also published was his new book "Accounting for Tastes."
   (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Becker)(WSJ,
11/19/96, p.A20)(SFC, 10/8/01, p.A17)(Econ, 5/10/14, p.75)
1992Â Â Â Â Â Â The Nobel Prize in
Literature was awarded to Derek Walcott. In 1997 his collection of
poems "The Bounty" was published.
   (SFEC, 7/13/97, BR p.1)
1992Â Â Â Â Â Â The Nobel Prize in
medicine was awarded to Edwin G. Krebs of the US and Edmund H.
Fischer (US & Switz.) for discoveries concerning the process of
reversible protein phosphorylation that helped explain how
imbalances in cells caused diseases.
   (SFEC, 10/8/96, A9)
1993Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 15, Nelson Mandela and
F.W. de Klerk were named winners of the Nobel Peace Prize for their
efforts to end apartheid.
   (AP, 10/15/98)
1993Â Â Â Â Â Â Russell Hulse and Joseph
Taylor won the Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of the
first binary pulsar and for subsequent studies leading to a
verification of the theory of general relativity for a system
outside our solar system. In 1974 they recorded an indirect sighting
of gravitational waves when they showed a pair of stars spiraling
towards each other was radiating energy in the form of gravitational
waves at exactly the same rate predicted by Einstein.
   (Econ, 6/24/06,
p.94)(www.aip.org/pnu/1993/split/pnu147-1.htm)
1993Â Â Â Â Â Â The Nobel Prize in
Chemistry was awarded to Kary B. Mullis for developing the
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for identifying fragments of DNA.
   (SFC, 7/18/00, p.A8)
1993Â Â Â Â Â Â The Nobel Prize in
Economics was awarded to Robert W. Fogel for "having renewed
research in economic history by applying economic theory and
quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional
change." Douglas C. North (1920-2015) of Stanford’s Hoover Inst.
also shared in the prize.
   (WSJ, 10/11/95, p. A-1)(SFC, 10/15/98, p.A2)(SFC,
10/8/01, p.A17)(SFC, 11/26/15, p.D6)
1993Â Â Â Â Â Â The Nobel Prize in
medicine was awarded to Richard J. Roberts of Britain and Philip A.
Sharp of the US for discovery of split genes that changed how
scientists look at evolution and advanced research on hereditary
diseases, including some cancers.
   (SFEC, 10/8/96, A9)
1993Â Â Â Â Â Â Toni Morrison (b.1931,
American novelist, won the Nobel Prize in Literature. Her novels are
known for their epic themes, vivid dialogue, and richly detailed
black characters. Among her best known novels are “The Bluest Eye,”
“Song of Solomon,” and “Beloved,” which won the Pulitzer Prize for
Fiction in 1988.
   (AP,
10/8/09)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison)
1994Â Â Â Â Â Â Aug 19, Linus Pauling
(b.1901), 2-time Nobel Prize winner, died. In 1954 he won the NP for
chemistry and in 1962 the NP for Peace. In 1995 Barbara Marinacci
edited "Linus Pauling in His Own Words," and in 1998 published
"Linus Pauling on Peace."
  Â
(http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1962/pauling-bio.html)(SFC,
9/16/98, p.E1)
1994Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 13, Kenzabuto Oe,
Japanese novelist, won the Noble prize for literature. His work
included "An Echo of Heaven."
   (SFC, 7/7/96, BR p.9)(AP, 10/13/99)(SSFC, 3/3/02,
p.M3)
1994Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 10, Americans Alfred
G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell won the Nobel Prize in medicine.
   (AP, 10/10/99)
1994Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 12, American Clifford
G. Shull and Canadian Bertram N. Brockhouse won the Nobel physics
prize; American George A. Olah won the Nobel chemistry prize.
   (AP, 10/12/04)
1994Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 14, The Nobel Peace
Prize was awarded to PLO leader Yasser Arafat, Israeli Prime
Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres.
   (SFC, 10/12/96, p.A13)(AP, 10/14/99)
1994Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct, The Nobel Prize in
Economics was awarded to Hungarian-American John C. Harsanyi
(1920-2000) of UC Berkeley, John F. Nash of Princeton and to
Reinhard Selten of the Univ. of Bonn for their groundbreaking work
in game theory.
   (SFC, 10/15/98, p.A2)(SFC, 8/12/00, p.A22)
1994Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct, John Forbes Nash Jr.
(1928-2015) won the Nobel Prize for Economic Science based on his
work in game theory which proved that there is always one set of
strategies in which no player can improve his situation by switching
to a different strategy. Nash spent many years debilitated by
paranoid schizophrenia. In 1998 Sylvia Nasar published Nash’s
biography: "A Beautiful Mind." In 2001 a film opened based on the
book.
  Â
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash)(WSJ, 6/19/98,
p.W9)(NW, 1/14/02, p.68)(Econ, 8/20/16, p.60)
1994Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 10, Yasser Arafat,
Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin received the Nobel Peace Prize,
pledging to pursue their mission of healing the anguished Middle
East.
   (AP, 12/10/99)
1995Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 10, The Nobel Prize in
chemistry was won by Mario Molina of MIT, Sherwood Rowland
(1927-2012) of UC Irvine, & Dutch scientist Paul Crutzen for the
study of Earth's ozone layer and their controversial work warning
that gases once used in spray cans and other items were eating away
Earth’s ozone layer.
   (WSJ, 10/11/95, p. A-1)(AP, 10/11/00)(SFC,
3/13/12, p.A6)
1995Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 10, The Nobel Prize in
Economic Science was awarded to Robert E. Lucas of the Univ. of
Chicago for his theory of "rational expectations." He demonstrated
how people’s fears and expectations can frustrate policymakers’
efforts to shape the economy.
   (WSJ, 10/11/95, p. A-1)(AP, 10/10/00)
1995Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 5, Seamus Heaney won
the Nobel Prize in literature. His poetic works portray the pain of
sectarian strife and growing up in a Roman Catholic farming family.
His works include: "Death of a Naturalist" (1966), "Door into the
Dark" (1969), "North" (1975), "Field Work" (1979), "The Spirit
Level" (1996) and the Nobel lecture "Crediting Poetry."
   (WSJ, 10/6/95, p.A-1)(SFEC, 8/25/96, BR p.8)
1995Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 9, The Nobel Prize in
medicine was awarded to Edward Lewis of Caltech, Eric Wieschaus of
Princeton, and Christiane Nuesslein-Volhard of Germany's Max Planck
Inst. They all studied genes in relation to embryonic development.
They unraveled the developmental genetics of the fruit fly
Drosophila and discovered homologs of the same genes in vertebrates.
   (WSJ, 10/10/95, p.A-1)(NH, 2/97, p.70)
1995Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 10, The physics prize
went to Martin Perl of Stanford and Frederick Reines (d.1998 at 80)
of UC Irvine for discovering the subatomic neutrino particle. Perl
helped discover the tau lepton in 1975, a particle that resembles an
electron but is 30,000 times heavier.
   (WSJ, 10/11/95, p. A-1)(SFC, 5/1/97, p.A7)(SFC,
8/28/98, p.D7)
1995Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 13, The Nobel Peace
Prize was awarded to Polish-born British physicist Joseph Rotblat
(1908-2005) and the Pugwash Conferences (begun in Canada in 1957)
for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in
international politics.
   (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat)(AP,
10/13/00)(SFC, 9/2/05, p.B5)(WSJ, 10/16/95, p. A1)
1996Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 9, The Nobel Prize in
Chemistry went to two Americans and a Briton: Robert F. Curl,
Richard E. Smalley (b.1943) and Harold W. Kroto for their discovery
of hollow molecules of carbon called fullerenes or buckyballs first
proposed in 1985. The 60 carbon atom is called a
buckminsterfullerene.
   (SFC, 10/10/96, p.A15)(AP, 10/9/97)
1996Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 8, The Nobel Prize in
economics was won by British professor James Mirlees of Cambridge
and American economist William Vickrey (1914-1996) at Columbia Univ.
for their studies on asymmetric information which helps to explain
decision making based on varying kinds and amounts of data. Vickrey
had developed what became known as auction theory. The 82-year-old
Vickrey died just three days later.
   (SFEC, 10/9/96, p.A8)(AP, 10/8/97)(Econ.,
10/17/20, p.66)
1996Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 3, Wislawa Szymborska,
Polish poet, won the Nobel Prize for poetry. Her work included the
transl. collection: "View With a Grain of Sand," her debut
collection "That’s Why We Are Alive" (1952), Salt (1962), "The
People on the Bridge" (1986), and "The End and the Beginning"
(1993).
   (AP, 10/3/97)(WSJ, 10/4/96, p.A7)
1996Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 7, The Nobel Prize in
Medicine was won by Australian Peter C. Doherty and Rolf M.
Zinkernagel from Switzerland for their work on how the immune system
recognizes infected cells.
   (SFEC, 10/8/96, A9)
1996Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 11, The Nobel Peace
Prize was awarded to Roman Catholic Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes
Belo of East Timor and Jose Ramos-Horta, in exile in Australia, for
their work to end oppression and violence in East Timor.
   (SFC, 10/12/96, p.A1) (AP, 10/11/97)
1996Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 9, The Nobel Prize in
Physics went to three Americans: David Lee, Douglas Osheroff and
Robert Richardson for their work on liquid helium-3, which they
found forms a superfluid at very cold temperatures.
   (SFC, 10/10/96, p.A15)(AP, 10/9/97)
1996Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 10, Roman Catholic
Bishop Filipe Ximenes Belo and exiled activist Jose Ramos Horta,
opponents of Indonesia's occupation of East Timor, accepted the
Nobel Peace Prize.
   (AP, 12/10/97)
1997Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 14, Myron Scholes of
Stanford, and Robert Merton of Harvard won the Nobel Prize in
Economics for their work on valuing stock options and other
investments.
   (SFC, 10/15/97, p.A1)(AP, 10/14/98)
1997Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 9, Dario Fo (71), an
Italian playwright and performer, received the Nobel Prize in
literature. The leftist playwright had been prosecuted by Italy,
denounced by Roman Catholic Church leaders and barred from the
United States. His work included: "Archangels Don’t Play Pinball"
(1960), "Mistero Biffo," (Comic Mystery) written in 1969, and
"Accidental Death of an Anarchist" (1970), "We Can’t Pay, We Don’t
Pay" (1974) and "Orgasmo Adulto Escapes From the Zoo."
   (SFC, 10/10/97, p.A1)(WSJ, 10/10/97, p.A20)(SFEC,
8/23/98, DB p.13)(AP, 10/9/98)
1997Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 6, Dr. Stanley B.
Prusiner, a neurologist from UC, won the Nobel Prize for his
discovery of the new class of proteins called prions described as
"an entirely new genre of disease-causing agents." [see 1982] In
1998 researchers at UCSF developed a sensitive technique for rapid
detection of the infectious proteins.
   (SFC, 10/7/97, p.A1)(SFC, 9/30/98, p.A7)(AP,
10/6/98)
1997Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 10, The Nobel Peace
Prize was awarded to Jody Williams and the Int’l. Campaign to Ban
Land Mines (ICBL). There were an estimated 100 million
anti-personnel mines buried around the world that killed or wounded
some 26,000 people each year.
   (SFC, 10/11/97, p.A9)(AP, 10/10/98)
1998Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 8, The Nobel Prize for
Literature was awarded to Jose Saramago (75) of Portugal. His work
included "The History of the Siege of Lisbon" (1989), "Blindness,"
"Memorial do Convento" (Baltasar and Blimunda, 1982), "The Year of
the Death of Ricardo Reis" (1984) "The Gospel According to Jesus
Christ" (1991) and "The Stone Raft."
   (USAT, 10/9/98, p.16A)(SFC, 10/9/98, p.A2)
1998Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 12, The Nobel Prize in
medicine was awarded to 3 Americans, Robert F. Furchgott (82), Louis
Ignarro (57) and Ferid Murad (62), for their work on nitric oxide
gas in biochemical functions in the human body.
   (SFC, 10/13/98, p.A1,13)
1998Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 13, The Nobel Prize in
physics was awarded to Robert B. Laughlin of Stanford, Horst L.
Stormer of Columbia Univ. and Daniel C. Tsui of Princeton for their
work on the fractional quantum Hall effect where groups of electrons
act as if they are quarks.
   (SFC, 10/14/98, p.A1,6)
1998Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 13, The Nobel Prize in
chemistry went to Walter Kohn of UC Santa Barbara and John Pople
(d.2004) of Northwestern Univ. for their work in computational
chemistry.
   (SFC, 10/14/98, p.A1)(SFC, 3/19/04, p.B7)
1998Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 14, Amartya K. Sen
(64), a philosophy and economics researcher from India, won the
Nobel Prize in Economics for his work in exploring the causes of
poverty and famine. He had just left Harvard Univ. to take over
Trinity College in Cambridge, England.
   (SFC, 10/15/98, p.A2)(WSJ, 10/15/98, p.B1)
1998Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 16, The Nobel Peace
Prize was awarded to John Hume, head of the Irish Catholic Social
Democratic and Labor Party, and to David Trimble, leader of the
Protestant Ulster Unionist Party.
   (SFEC, 10/18/98, p.D1)(AP, 10/16/99)
1999Â Â Â Â Â Â Sep 30, Gunter Grass,
German novelist, won the Nobel Prize for Literature and cited his
1959 novel "Tin Drum" for restoring honor to German literature.
   (SFC, 10/1/99, p.A2)
1999Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 12, Ahmed H. Zewail,
an Egyptian chemist at the California Inst. of Tech., won the Nobel
Prize in Chemistry for finding a way to freeze-frame the private
matings of molecules using ultra fast laser probes.
   (SFC, 10/13/99, p.A2)
1999Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 13, Robert A. Mundell
(66), a Canadian born professor at Columbia Univ., won the Nobel
Prize in Economics for his study of cross-border capital flows,
flexible foreign exchange rates, and supply side economics. A 1961
paper by Mundell had pioneered the theory of an “optimal currency
area,” which later helped shape the euro zone.
   (WSJ, 10/14/99, p.A2)(Econ, 6/13/09, SR p.10)
1999Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 11, Dr. Guenter
Blobel, a German American researcher of Rockefeller Univ., was
awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine or physiology for his work on
how the body puts addresses on individual proteins so that they
arrive at a correct location.
   (SFC, 10/12/99, p.A3)(WSJ, 10/12/99, p.A1)
1999Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 12, Professors
Gerardus 't Hooft and Martinus J.G. Veltman of the Netherlands won
the Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of mathematical tools
to calculate properties of fundamental particles. From 1981 to his
retirement in 1997, Veltman was an active member of the Univ. of
Michigan physics department.
   (SFC, 10/13/99, p.A2)(MT, Fall/99, p.7)
2000Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 10, The Nobel Prize in
chemistry was awarded to Alan Heeger (64) of UC Santa Barbara, Alan
MacDiarmed (73) of Univ. of Pennsylvania, and Hideki Shirakawa (64)
of the Univ. of Tsukuba for their work in modifying plastics to
conduct electricity.
   (SFC, 10/11/00, p.A6)(Econ, 9/16/06, p.89)
2000Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 11, The Nobel Prize in
economics went to Daniel McFadden (63) of UC Berkeley for developing
ways of analyzing consumer decisions and to James Heckman of Univ.
of Chicago for developing techniques to strip out hidden biases in
studies of the labor force. Heckman won for work on teasing out
cause and effect from messy, real-world data.
   (SFC, 10/12/00, p.A1)(Econ., 5/16/20, p.21)
2000Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 12, The Nobel Prize in
literature was won by Gao Xingjian (60), an exiled Chinese writer
living in Paris. His novels include "Soul Mountain," based on a 1986
walking tour along the Yangtze River.
   (SFC, 10/13/00, p.A16)
2000Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 9, The Nobel Prize in
physiology or medicine was awarded to Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel
of the US and Arvid Carlsson of Sweden for research in how memory
works and for laying the foundation for the development of
anti-depressants. In 2006 Kandel authored “In search of Memory: The
Emergence of a New Science of Mind.”
   (SFC, 10/10/00, p.A3)(Econ, 3/4/06, p.78)
2000Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 13, The Nobel Peace
Prize was awarded to Pres. Kim Dae Jung (74) of South Korea for his
efforts to make peace with North Korea.
   (SFC, 10/14/00, p.A1)
2000Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 10, The Nobel Prize in
physics was awarded to Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments, co-inventor
of the computer chip, Herbert Kroemer (72) of UC Santa Barbara and
Zhores Alferov (70) of Russia for work in high-speed transistors and
tiny lasers.
   (SFC, 10/11/00, p.A1,6)
2000Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 10, Jack S. Kilby
(1923-2005) received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of
the microchip (1958). Zhores Alferov of Russia and Herbert Kroemer
of UC Santa Barbara shared the prize for their work on
heterostructure semiconductors.
   (SFC, 12/11/00, p.A2)(SFC, 6/22/05, p.A5)
2001Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 8, Leland Hartwell of
the Seattle Hutchinson Cancer Research Center won the Nobel Prize in
Medicine along with Paul Nurse and Timothy Hunt of London’s Imperial
Cancer Research Fund for their work in the mechanics of cell
division.
   (SFC, 10/8/01, p.B3)
2001Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 9, The Nobel Prize in
Physics was awarded to Eric Cornell, Carl Wiemann and Wolfgang
Ketterlie of the US for their discovery of the Bose-Einstein
condensate, a new state of matter. The condensate, which they
created in 1995, had been predicted by Einstein in 1924.
   (WSJ, 10/10/01, p.A1)(SFC, 10/10/01, p.A17)(SSFC,
8/21/05, p.A3)
2001Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 10, The Nobel Prize in
Economics was awarded to George Akerlof of UC Berkeley, Michael
Spence of Stanford, and Joseph Stiglitz of Columbia Univ. Akerlof
won in part for his classic paper explaining how, if sellers know
more than buyers, markets may fail.
   (SFC, 10/11/01, p.D1)(Econ, 3/28/09, p.88)
2001Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 11, Vidiadhar S,
Naipaul (b.1932), Trinidad-born English novelist, won the Nobel
Prize in Literature. His books included: "A House for Mr. Biswas,"
"Guerrillas" (1975), "Among the Believers" (1981), and "The Enigma
of Arrival" (1987).
   (SFC, 10/12/01, p.C1)(WSJ, 10/12/01, p.A1,W17)
2001Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 12, Kofi Annan, Sec.
Gen. of the UN, and the UN itself won the Nobel Peace Prize.
   (SFC, 10/13/01, p.A13)
2002Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 7, The Nobel Prize for
Medicine went to Sydney Brenner and John E. Sulston of Britain and
H. Robert Horvitz of the US for their work on how genes regulate
organ development and cell death.
   (ADN, 10/8/02, p.A4)(SFC, 10/8/02, p.A2)
2002Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 8, Masatoshi Koshiba
(76) was named one of this year's Nobel Prize winners for Physics,
marking Japan's third science Nobel in as many years. Riccardo
Giacconi (71) of Assoc. Univ. in Washington DC and Raymond Davis Jr.
(87) of Univ. of Pennsylvania shared the prize awarded for their
work on neutrinos that revised thinking about the nature of the
universe.
   (AP, 10/8/02)(SFC, 10/9/02, p.A2)(WSJ, 10/9/02,
p.A1)
2002Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 9, Daniel Kahneman,
68, a U.S. and Israeli citizen based at Princeton University in New
Jersey and Vernon L. Smith, 75, of George Mason University in
Fairfax, Va., won the Nobel prize for economics for pioneering the
use of psychological and experimental economics in decision-making.
Kahneman, an economic behaviouralist, believed people tend to judge
their well-being relative to others rather than in absolute terms.
   (AP, 10/9/02)(Econ, 8/30/03, p.56)
2002Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 9, Koichi Tanaka (43),
research scientist for precision equipment maker Shimadzu
Corporation, won Japan's second Nobel prize. His development of
methods of analysing proteins, along with work by John Fenn of the
United States and Kurt Wuethrich of Switzerland, paved the way for
new drugs to tackle diseases
   (AP, 10/9/02)
2002Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 10, Imre Kertesz (72),
a Hungarian novelist and secular Jew, won the Nobel Prize for
literature. His books included "Fiasco" (1988) and "Kaddish for a
Child Not Born" (1990).
   (SFC, 10/11/02, p.A2)(SFC, 12/5/02, p.E5)
2002Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 11, Former US Pres.
Carter won the Nobel Peace prize.
   (SFC, 10/12/02, p.A1)
2003Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 2, South Africa's J.M.
Coetzee, whose stories tell of innocents and outcasts oppressed by
the cruel weight of history, won the 2003 Nobel Prize for
literature. His books included "Dusklands" (1974), "In the heart of
the Country" (1977), "Waiting for the Barbarians" (1980), "Life and
Times of Michael K" (1983) and "Disgrace" (1999).
   (AP, 10/2/03)(WSJ, 10/14/03, p.D10)
2003Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 6, The annual Nobel
Prize in Medicine went to Paul C. Lauterbur (74) of the Univ. of
Illinois and Sir Peter Mansfield (69) of the Univ. of Nottingham,
for their work that led to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
   (SFC, 10/7/03, p.A2)
2003Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 7, Three scientists
who worked separately to explain the nature of matter at extremely
low temperatures won the 2003 Nobel Prize for Physics. Russians
Vitaly Ginzburg (87), Alexei Abrikosov (1928-2017) and British-born
Anthony Leggett (65), worked on theories that led to the development
of magnetic imaging scanners.
   (Reuters, 10/7/03)(SFC, 10/8/03, p.A2)(SFC,
4/5/17, p.D6)
2003Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 8, Americans Peter
Agre and Roderick MacKinnon won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for
studies of tiny transportation tunnels in cell walls, work that
illuminates diseases of the heart, kidneys and nervous system.
   (AP, 10/8/03)
2003Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 8, The Bank of Sweden
Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was awarded to
American Robert F. Engle (60) of NY Univ. and Briton Clive W.G.
Granger (1934-2009) of visiting scholar at Canterbury Univ. in New
Zealand for their work in statistical techniques to measure
investment risk and track economic trends.
   (WSJ, 10/9/03, p.A2)(USAT, 10/9/03, p.8B)(SFC,
6/3/09, p.B5)
2004Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 4, Americans Dr.
Richard Axel (58) of Columbia Univ. and Linda Buck (57) of the Fred
Hutchinson Cancer Center in Seattle won the Nobel Prize in Medicine
for their 1991 discovery of how people recognize odors. In 2008
Linda Buck and her co-authors retracted their 2001 paper on smell
due to inconsistencies on data.
   (SFC, 10/5/04, p.A5)(SFC, 3/7/08, p.A6)
2004Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 5, Americans David J.
Gross, H. David Politzer and Frank Wilczek won the 2004 Nobel Prize
in physics for their explanation of the force that binds particles
inside the atomic nucleus. Tehir theory of quantum chromodynamics
explained who quarks behave.
   (AP, 10/5/04)(SFC, 10/6/04, p.A2)
2004Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 6, American Irwin Rose
and Israelis Aaron Ciechanover and Avram Hershko won the 2004 Nobel
Prize in chemistry for discovering a key way cells destroy unwanted
proteins, the ubiquitin proteasome system, in the late 1970s and
early 1980s. Â
   (AP, 10/6/04)(SFC, 10/7/04,
p.A2)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasome)
2004Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 7, Austria's Elfriede
Jelinek won the Nobel Prize for Literature for novels and plays that
depict violence against women, explore sexuality and condemn
far-right politics in Europe. Her books included “The Piano Teacher”
(1988), which was adopted for a 2001 film.
   (AP, 10/7/04)(SFC, 10/8/04, p.A4)
2004Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 8, Wangari Maathai
(64) of Kenya won the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize. During the 1980s and
1990s, she also campaigned against government oppression and founded
Kenya's Green Party in 1987. She was repeatedly arrested and beaten
for protesting former President Daniel arap Moi's environmental
policies and human rights record. In 1991 Maathai won the Goldman
Environmental Prize.
   (AP, 10/8/04)(SFC, 10/9/04, p.A14)
2004Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 11, Edward C. Prescott
(63), an American, and Finn E. Kydland (60), a Norwegian, won the
2004 Nobel Memorial Prize in economics for shedding light on how
government policies and actions affect economies around the world.
In a 1977 paper they demonstrated the importance of credibility in
economic policy.
   (AP, 10/11/04)(Econ, 10/16/04, p.74)
2005Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 3, Australians Barry
J. Marshall and Robin Warren won the 2005 Nobel Prize in medicine
for showing that bacterial infection, not stress, was to blame for
painful ulcers in the stomach and intestine.
   (AP, 10/3/05)
2005Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 4, Americans John L.
Hall and Roy J. Glauber and German Theodor W. Haensch won the 2005
Nobel Prize in physics for work that could lead to better
long-distance communication and more precise navigation worldwide
and in space.
   (AP, 10/4/05)
2005Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 5, Americans Robert H.
Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock and Yves Chauvin of France won the
Nobel Prize in chemistry for their work in metathesis, a technique
for moving groups of atoms from one molecule to another. Their
discoveries let industry create drugs and advanced plastics in a
more efficient and environmentally friendly way.
   (AP, 10/5/05)(Econ, 10/8/05, p.87)
2005Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 6, Gregg Miller won
the Ig Nobel Prize for medicine for his prosthetic testicles for
neutered dogs. Miller has sold more than 150,000 of his Neuticles,
more than doubling his $500,000 investment. The silicone implants
come in different sizes, shapes, weights and degrees of firmness.
Other winners included Nigerian Internet scammers and a team that
calculated the pressures created when penguins poop.
   (AP, 10/7/05)
2005Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 7, Mohamed ElBaradei
and the International Atomic Energy Agency won the 2005 Nobel Peace
Prize for their drive to curb the spread of atomic weapons by using
diplomacy to resolve standoffs with Iran and North Korea over their
nuclear programs.
   (AP, 10/7/05)
2005Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 10, Robert J. Aumann
of Israel and Thomas C. Schelling of the Univ. of Maryland won the
2005 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for their work in
game theory that explains political and economic conflicts, arms
races and even preventing warfare.
   (AP, 10/10/05)
2005Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 13, British playwright
Harold Pinter, who juxtaposed the brutal and the banal in such works
as "The Caretaker" and "The Birthday Party" and made an art form out
of spare language and unbearable silence, won the 2005 Nobel Prize
in literature.
   (AP, 10/13/05)
2005Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 10, In Norway Chief UN
nuclear inspector Mohamed ElBaradei accepted the 2005 Nobel Peace
Prize, sharing the award with his International Atomic Energy Agency
for efforts to control the spread of nuclear weapons. The other
Nobel Prizes were awarded in Sweden.
   (AP, 12/10/05)
2006Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 2, Americans Andrew Z.
Fire and Craig C. Mello won the Nobel Prize in physiology or
medicine for discovering a powerful way to turn off the effect of
specific genes, opening a new avenue for disease treatment.
   (AP, 10/2/06)
2006Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 3, Americans John C.
Mather and George F. Smoot won the 2006 Nobel Prize in physics for
work that helped cement the big-bang theory of the universe and
deepen understanding of the origin of galaxies and stars.
   (AP, 10/3/06)
2006Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 4, American Roger D.
Kornberg, whose father won a Nobel Prize a half-century ago, was
awarded the prize in chemistry for his studies of how cells take
information from genes to produce proteins.
   (AP, 10/4/06)
2006Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 9, American Edmund S.
Phelps won the 2006 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for
explaining the relationship between inflation and unemployment, work
that has had a profound impact on macroeconomic policy.
   (AP, 10/9/06)
2006Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 12, Turkish novelist
Orhan Pamuk won the Nobel literature prize for his works dealing
with the symbols of clashing cultures. His uncommon lyrical gifts
and uncompromising politics have brought him acclaim worldwide and
prosecution at home.
   (AP, 10/12/06)
2007Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 8, Two American
scientists and a Briton won the 2007 Nobel Prize in medicine on for
groundbreaking discoveries that led to a powerful technique for
manipulating mouse genes. Mario R. Capecchi (70) of the University
of Utah in Salt Lake City; Oliver Smithies (82) a native of Britain
now at University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill, and Sir Martin
J. Evans (66) of Cardiff University in Wales shared the prize.
   (AP, 10/8/07)
2007Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 9, Two European
scientists won the 2007 Nobel Prize in physics for a discovery that
lets computers, iPods and other digital devices store reams of data
on ever-shrinking hard disks. France's Albert Fert and German Peter
Gruenberg independently described giant magnetoresistance in 1988,
then saw the electronics industry apply it in disks with incredible
amounts of storage.
   (AP, 10/9/07)
2007Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 10, Gerhard Ertl of
Germany won the 2007 Nobel Prize in chemistry for studies of
chemical reactions on solid surfaces, which are key to understanding
questions like how pollution eats away at the ozone layer.
   (AP, 10/10/07)
2007Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 11, Doris Lessing,
British author of dozens of works from short stories to science
fiction, including the classic "The Golden Notebook," won the Nobel
Prize for literature. She was praised by the judges for her
"skepticism, fire and visionary power."
   (AP, 10/11/07)
2007Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 12, Former Vice
President Al Gore and the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change won the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize for spreading awareness of
man-made climate change and laying the foundations for counteracting
it.
   (AP, 10/12/07)(SFC, 10/13/07, p.A8)
2007      Oct 15,  Â
 Americans Leonid Hurwicz (d.2008 at 90), Eric S. Maskin and
Roger B. Myerson won the Nobel economics prize for developing a
theory that helps explain how sellers and buyers can maximize their
gains from a transaction.
   (AP, 10/15/07)(SFC, 6/26/08, p.B5)
2008Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 6, Three European
scientists shared the 2008 Nobel Prize in medicine for separate
discoveries of viruses that cause AIDS and cervical cancer,
breakthroughs that helped doctors fight the deadly diseases. French
researchers Francoise Barre-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier (1932-2022)
were cited for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus, or
HIV; while Germany's Harald zur Hausen was honored for finding human
papilloma viruses that cause cervical cancer.
   (AP, 10/6/08)(SSFC, 2/13/22, p.F10)
2008Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 7, The Royal Swedish
Academy of Sciences announced that two Japanese citizens and a
Japanese-born American won the 2008 Nobel Prize in physics for
discoveries in the world of subatomic physics.
   (AP, 10/7/08)
2008Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 8, The Royal Swedish
Academy of Sciences said two Americans and a US-based Japanese
scientist won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for discovering and
developing a glowing jellyfish protein that revolutionized the
ability to study disease and normal development in living organisms.
Japan's Osamu Shimomura and Americans Martin Chalfie and Roger Tsien
shared the prize for their work on green fluorescent protein, or
GFP. Shimomura discovered the jellyfish protein in 1961. In the
early 1990s Douglas Prasher conducted research on the jellyfish gene
that made Chalfie’s and Tsien’s work possible.
   (AP, 10/8/08)(SFC, 10/21/08, p.A6)
2008Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 9, The Swedish Academy
announced French novelist Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clezio (b.1940) as
the 2008 Nobel Prize in literature for his poetic adventure and
"sensual ecstasy." Le Clezio made his breakthrough as a novelist
with "Desert," in 1980.
   (AP, 10/9/08)
2008Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 10, Finland's
ex-president Martti Ahtisaari won the Nobel Peace Prize for his
efforts to build a lasting peace from Africa and Asia to Europe and
the Middle East. The Norwegian Nobel Committee said it honored
Ahtisaari for important efforts over more than three decades to
resolve international conflicts.
   (AP, 10/10/08)
2008Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 13, Paul Krugman, the
Princeton University scholar and New York Times columnist, won the
Nobel prize in economics for his analysis of how economies of scale
can affect trade patterns and the location of economic activity. The
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences praised Krugman for formulating a
new theory to answer questions about free trade and said his theory
has inspired an enormous field of research.
   (AP, 10/13/08)(Econ, 10/18/08, p.90)
2008Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 10, The Nobel Prizes
were awarded in twin ceremonies in Stockholm and Oslo.
   (AP, 12/10/08)
2009Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 1, The 19th annual Ig
Nobel Prizes were awarded at Harvard. The physics prize went to a
study of why pregnant women don’t tip over. The chemistry prize was
awarded to scientists who turned tequila into diamonds. The
veterinary medicine prize was given for finding that cows that have
names make more milk than those who remain anonymous. The medicine
prize went to a physician who, for fifty years, cracked the knuckles
on only his left hand to test his mother’s contention that
knuckle-cracking causes arthritis.
   (http://tinyurl.com/yc5pndy)
2009Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 5, Americans Elizabeth
H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak won the 2009
Nobel Prize in medicine for discovering a key mechanism in the
genetic operations of cells, an insight that has inspired new lines
of research into cancer.
   (AP, 10/5/09)
2009Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 6, Three Americans
whose research in the 1960s laid the foundation for digital images
and lightning-fast communication shared the 2009 Nobel Prize in
physics for their work developing fiber-optic cable and the sensor
at the heart of digital cameras. Charles K. Kao (75) was cited for
discovering how to transmit light signals over long distances
through glass fibers as thin as a human hair. His 1966 breakthrough
led to the creation of modern fiber-optic communication networks.
Willard S. Boyle (85) and George E. Smith (79) were honored for
inventing the eye of the digital camera.
   (AP, 10/6/09)
2009Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 7, Venkatraman
Ramakrishnan (57), Indian-born American, Yale Prof. Thomas Steitz
(69) and Israeli Ada Yonath (70) won the 2009 Nobel Prize in
chemistry for atom-by-atom mapping of the protein-making factories
within cells, a feat that has spurred the development of
antibiotics. Their work on ribosomes has been fundamental to the
scientific understanding of life. They will split the 10 million
(US$1.4 million award).
   (AP, 10/7/09)
2009Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 8, Herta Mueller (56)
won the Nobel Prize in literature in an award seen as a nod to the
20th anniversary of communism's collapse. She was member of
Romania's ethnic German minority persecuted for her critical
depictions of life behind the Iron Curtain. She made her debut in
1982 with a collection of short stories titled "Niederungen," or
"Nadirs," depicting the harshness of life in a small,
German-speaking village in Romania. It was promptly censored by the
communist government. Some of her works have been translated into
English, French and Spanish, including "The Passport," "The Land of
Green Plums," "Traveling on One Leg" and "The Appointment."
   (AP, 10/8/09)
2009Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 9, The Nobel Peace
Prize was awarded to President Barack Obama.
   (AP, 10/9/09)
2009Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 12, Americans Elinor
Ostrom (1933-2012) and Oliver Williamson (b.1932) won the Nobel
economics prize for their work in economic governance. Ostrom, the
first woman to win the Nobel prize for economics, specialized in the
study of common resource pools.
   (AP, 10/12/09)(Econ, 10/17/09, p.92)(Econ,
6/30/12, p.94)
2009Â Â Â Â Â Â Nov 26, Shirin Ebadi, 2003
Nobel Peace Prize, said that Iranian authorities took her medal
about three weeks ago from a safe-deposit box, claiming she owed
taxes on the $1.3 million she was awarded. Ebadi said that such
prizes are exempt from tax under Iranian law. In Norway, where the
peace prize is awarded, the government said the confiscation of the
gold medal was a shocking first in the history of the 108-year-old
prize.
   (AP, 11/27/09)
2009Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 10, In Oslo, Norway,
President Barack Obama accepted the Nobel Peace Prize, acknowledging
his own few accomplishments while delivering a robust defense of war
and promising to use the prestigious award to "reach for the world
that ought to be."
   (AP, 12/10/09)
2010Â Â Â Â Â Â Feb 24, A Nobel official
said Israeli nuclear whistleblower Mordechai Vanunu has asked the
Nobel Peace Prize committee to disregard his nomination for the
prestigious award.
   (AP, 2/24/10)
2010Â Â Â Â Â Â Jun 18, Jose Saramago
(b.1922), 1998 Nobel-winning Portuguese writer, died at his home in
the Canary Islands. He had moved there following a 1992 spat with
the government, which he accused of censorship.
   (SFC, 6/19/10, p.C6)
2010Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 4, British biologist
Robert G. Edwards, whose contributions to the technology of in vitro
fertilization have made more than 4 million couples parents, was
awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine. Louise
Brown, the first test-tube baby, was born Jul 25, 1978.
  Â
(www.latimes.com/health/la-sci-nobel-medicine-20101005,0,7666490.story)
2010Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 5, Two Russian-born
scientists shared the Nobel Prize in physics for groundbreaking
experiments with ultrathin carbon. In 2004 University of Manchester
professors Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov used Scotch tape to
isolate graphene, a form of carbon only one atom thick but more than
100 times stronger than steel, and showed it has exceptional
properties, the strongest and thinnest material known to mankind.
   (AP, 10/5/10)(Econ, 12/5/15, TQ p.9)
2010Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 6, An American and two
Japanese scientists won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for finding new
ways to bond carbon atoms together, methods now widely used to make
medicines and in agriculture and electronics. Richard Heck, Ei-ichi
Negishi and Akira Suzuki were honored for their development in the
1960s and '70s of one of the most sophisticated tools available to
chemists today, called palladium-catalyzed cross coupling.
   (AP, 10/6/10)
2010Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 7, The 2010 Nobel
Prize in literature was awarded to Peruvian writer Mario Vargas
Llosa (b.1936) "for his cartography of structures of power and his
trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt and defeat.”
   (AP, 10/7/10)
2010Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 8, The Nobel Committee
named imprisoned Chinese scholar Liu Xiaobo the 2010 Peace Prize
winner for "his long and nonviolent struggle for fundamental human
rights in China." The decision by the five-member committee
appointed by the Norwegian Parliament came over the objection of the
Chinese government, which considers Liu a criminal.
   (AP, 10/8/10)
2010Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 11, Two Americans and
a British-Cypriot economist won the 2010 Nobel economics prize for
developing a theory that helps explain why many people can remain
unemployed despite a large number of job vacancies. Federal Reserve
board nominee Peter Diamond was honored along with Dale Mortensen
and Christopher Pissarides for their analysis of the obstacles that
prevent buyers and sellers from efficiently pairing up in markets.
   (AP, 10/11/10)
2010Â Â Â Â Â Â Nov 18, The Norwegian
Nobel Committee Russia, Kazakhstan, Cuba, Morocco, Iraq and China
have declined to attend the December 10 Nobel Peace Prize ceremony
for jailed Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo. 16 more countries had not
replied by the committee's extended deadline. An award spokesman
said the Nobel Peace Prize may not be handed out this year because
no one from imprisoned Liu Xiaobo's family is likely to attend the
ceremony.
   (AP, 11/18/10)
2010Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 7, In Norway Nobel
officials said China and 18 other countries have declined to attend
this year's Nobel Peace Prize ceremony honoring imprisoned Chinese
dissident Liu Xiaobo, as China unleashed a new barrage deriding the
decision.
   (AP, 12/7/10)
2010Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 8, Serbia's decision
to boycott the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony honoring imprisoned
Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo triggered criticism from human rights
activists and the EU, which expressed shock that the candidate for
EU entry would meet China's demands. Serbia feared its attendance
could anger China, which has supported Belgrade in opposing the 2008
independence declaration of its former province of Kosovo.
   (AP, 12/8/10)
2010Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 10, Dignitaries in
Norway celebrated this year's Nobel Peace Prize winner, imprisoned
Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo, with an empty chair. Xiaobo,
derided by Beijing as a political farce, dedicated it from his
prison cell to the "lost souls" of the 1989 Tiananmen Square
crackdown.
   (AP, 12/10/10)(Reuters, 12/10/10)
2010Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 10, Serbia reversed
its boycott of the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony honoring imprisoned
Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo after facing sharp criticism from the
EU and human rights activists at home.
   (AP, 12/10/10)
2011Â Â Â Â Â Â Sep 30, Ralph Steinman of
Rockefeller University in New York, co-winner of this year's Nobel
Prize in medicine, died. His prize was announced Oct 3.
   (AP, 10/3/11)
2011Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 3, Sweden’s Nobel
committee at Stockholm's Karolinska institute said three scientists
won the Nobel Prize in medicine for discoveries about the immune
system that opened new avenues for the treatment and prevention of
infectious illnesses and cancer. American Bruce Beutler and French
scientist Jules Hoffmann shared the 10 million-kronor ($1.5 million)
award with Canadian-born Ralph Steinman.
   (AP, 10/3/11)
2011Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 4, Three US-born
scientists won the Nobel Prize in physics for overturning a
fundamental assumption in their field by showing that the expansion
of the universe is constantly accelerating. During the 1990s, Saul
Perlmutter, Brian Schmidt and Adam Riess found that the light from
more than 50 distant exploding stars was far weaker than they
expected, meaning that galaxies had to be racing away from each
other at increasing speed.
   (AP, 10/4/11)
2011Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 5, Israeli scientist
Dan Shechtman was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for a
discovery that faced skepticism and mockery. While doing research in
the US in 1982, Shechtman discovered a new chemical structure,
quasicrystals, that researchers previously thought was impossible.
   (AP, 10/5/11)
2011Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 6, The Nobel Prize in
literature was awarded to Sweden’s top poet Tomas Transtromer (80).
   (AP, 10/7/11)
2011Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 7, The Nobel Peace
Prize was awarded to Tawakkul Karman (32) of Yemen. She shared the
prize with Liberian President Ellen Sirleaf Johnson and Liberian
peace activist Leymah Gbowee, as the Nobel committee gave a nod to
the Arab Spring.
   (AP, 10/7/11)
2011Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 10, The Nobel Memorial
Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded Americans Thomas Sargent and
Christopher Sims won for their research on cause and effect in the
macroeconomy.
   (AP, 10/10/11)
2012Â Â Â Â Â Â Jun 16, Myanmar’s Suu Kyi
presented her Nobel Prize acceptance speech in Oslo 31 years after
winning the world's highest diplomatic honor in 1991.
   (AP, 6/16/12)
2012Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 8, Scientists from
Britain and Japan shared the Nobel Prize in Medicine. John Gurdon
(79) of the Gurdon Institute in Cambridge, Britain, and Shinya
Yamanaka (50) of Kyoto University in Japan, discovered ways to
create tissue that would act like embryonic cells, without the need
to harvest embryos. Dr. Yamanaka called his cells “induced
pluripotent stem cells”.
   (AP, 10/8/12)(Econ, 2/18/17, p.19)
2012Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 9, The Nobel Prize in
Physics was awarded to Serge Haroche (68) of France and American
David Wineland (68) for experiments on quantum particles.
   (SFC, 10/10/12, p.A4)
2012Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 10, The Nobel Prize in
chemistry went to Brian K. Kobilka (57) of Stanford Medical Center
and Robert J. Lefkowitz (69) of Duke Univ. for discovering how
receptor proteins carry signals from outside the human body into
cells.
   (SFC, 10/11/12, p.A1)
2012Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 11, Guan Moye
(b.1955), aka Mo Yan, became the first Chinese writer to win the
literature Nobel Prize. He is best known in the West for "Red
Sorghum", which portrays the hardships endured by farmers in the
early years of communist rule and was made in a film directed by
Zhang Yimou.
   (AP, 10/12/12)(Econ, 10/20/12, p.42)
2012Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 12, The European Union
was named as winner of the Nobel Peace Prize for fostering peace on
a continent ravaged by war.
   (AP, 10/12/12)
2012Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 15, American scholars
Alvin Roth (60) of Harvard and Lloyd Shapley (89) of UCLA were
awarded the Nobel economics prize for studies on the match-making
that takes place when doctors are coupled up with hospitals,
students with schools and human organs with transplant recipients.
   (AP, 10/15/12)
2013Â Â Â Â Â Â Apr 10, Robert Edwards
(87), a British Nobel prize-winning scientist (2010), died after a
long illness. He was known as the father of in-vitro fertilisation
(IVF) for pioneering the development of "test tube babies."
   (Reuters, 4/10/13)
2013Â Â Â Â Â Â Sep 3, Ronald Coase,
British-born US economist, died in Chicago. He was awarded the Nobel
prize in 1991. His 1960 article, "The Problem of Social Cost," was
the basis for the famous Coase Theorem. It suggests that
well-defined property rights could overcome non-market forces.
   (AFP, 9/3/13)
2013Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 7, Two Americans and a
German-American won the Nobel Prize in medicine for discovering how
key substances are transported within cells, a process involved in
such important activities as brain cell communication and the
release of insulin. James Rothman (62) of Yale University, Randy
Schekman (64) of the University of California, Berkeley, and Dr.
Thomas Sudhof (57) of Stanford University shared the $1.2 million
prize for their research on how tiny bubbles called vesicles act as
cargo carriers inside cells.
   (AP, 10/7/13)
2013Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 8, Francois Englert of
Belgium and Peter Higgs of Britain won the 2013 Nobel Prize in
physics for their theory on how the most basic building blocks of
the universe acquire mass.
   (AP, 10/8/13)
2013Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 9, Three US-based
scientists won this year's Nobel Prize in chemistry for developing
powerful computer models that researchers use to understand complex
chemical interactions and create new drugs. Research in the 1970s by
Martin Karplus (83), Michael Levitt (66) and Arieh Warshel (72) has
led to programs that unveil chemical processes such as how exhaust
fumes are purified or how photosynthesis takes place in green
leaves.
   (AP, 10/9/13)
2013Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 10, Short story master
Alice Munro (82), who captures the everyday lives and epiphanies of
men and women in rural Canada with elegant and precise prose, won
the Nobel Prize in literature.
   (AP, 10/10/13)(SFC, 10/11/12, p.A3)
2013Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 11, The Norwegian
Nobel Committee awarded the Nobel Peace Prize to the Organization
for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons as the global watchdog
worked to destroy Syria's stockpiles of nerve gas and other
poisonous agents.
   (AP, 10/11/13)
2013Â Â Â Â Â Â Nov 19, British biochemist
Frederick Sanger (b.1918) died. He twice won the Nobel Prize in
chemistry (1958 & 1980) and was a pioneer of genome sequencing.
   (AP, 11/20/13)
2013Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 10, Nobel Prize
winners collected their awards in Sweden amd Norway.
   (AP, 12/10/13)
2014Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 6, A US-British
scientist, John O'Keefe, and a Norwegian husband-and-wife research
team, May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser, won the Nobel Prize in
medicine for discovering the brain's navigation system — the inner
GPS that helps us find our way in the world.
   (AP, 10/6/14)
2014Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 7, Two Japanese
scientists and a Japanese-born American won the Nobel Prize in
physics for inventing blue light-emitting diodes. Isamu Akasaki
(85), Hiroshi Amano (54) and naturalized US citizen Shuji Nakamura
(54) revolutionized lighting technology two decades ago when they
came up with a long-elusive component of the white LED lights.
   (AP, 10/7/14)
2014Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 8, The Nobel Prize in
chemistry was won by William Moerner of Stanford Univ., Eric Betzig
of Howard Hughes Medical Inst. And Stefan W. Hell of Germany’s Max
Planck Inst. for their work in giving microscopes much sharper
vision than thought possible.
   (SFC, 10/9/14, p.A2)
2014Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 9, Patrick Modiano
(69) of France won the 2014 Nobel Prize in literature. He has made a
lifelong study of the Nazi occupation and its effects on his
country. Modiano's novel "Missing Person" won the prestigious Prix
Goncourt in 1978 and is among the more than 40 of his works
published in French.
   (AP, 10/9/14)
2014Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 10, Taliban attack
survivor Malala Yousafzai (17) became the youngest Nobel winner ever
as she and Kailash Satyarthi (b.1954) of India won the Nobel Peace
Prize for working to protect children from slavery, extremism and
child labor at great risk to their own lives.
   (AP, 10/10/14)
2014Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 13, French economist
Jean Tirole won the Nobel economics prize for showing how to
encourage better products and competitive prices in industries
dominated by a few companies.
   (AP, 10/13/14)(SFC, 10/14/14, p.D1)
2014Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 9, Former Cuban leader
Fidel Castro was awarded China's Confucius Peace Prize, portrayed by
organizers as an alternative to the Nobel Prize. The prize was
handed to a Cuban foreign student representative at a ceremony at a
Beijing hotel.
   (AP, 12/11/14)
2015Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 5, Irish-born William
Campbell (85) and Japan's Satoshi Omura (80) won half of the Nobel
Prize for Medicine for discovering avermectin, a derivative of which
has been used to treat hundreds of millions of people with river
blindness and lymphatic filariasis, or elephantiasis. China's Tu
Youyou (84) was awarded the other half of the prize for discovering
artemisinin, a drug that has slashed malaria deaths.
   (AP, 10/5/15)  Â
2015Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 6, The Nobel Prize in
physics was awarded to Japanese researcher Takaaki Kajita and
Canadian Arthur McDonald for discovering that tiny particles called
neutrinos change identities as they whiz through the universe,
proving that they have mass.
   (AP, 10/6/15)  Â
2015Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 7, Sweden's Tomas
Lindahl, Paul Modrich of the United States and Aziz Sancar, a
Turkish-American, won the 2015 Nobel Chemistry Prize for work on how
cells repair damaged DNA.
   (AFP, 10/7/15)
2015Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 8, Belarusian writer
Svetlana Alexievich (b.1948) won the Nobel Prize in literature for
works that chronicled the great tragedies of the Soviet Union and
those that followed in the wake of its 1991 collapse. Her work
included "Zinky Boys: Soviet Voices from the Afghanistan War"
(1989), “Enchanted with Death” (1993) and "Voices from Chernobyl:
Chronicle of the Future" (1997).
   (AP, 10/8/15)  Â
2015Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 9, Tunisia's National
Dialogue Quartet won the Nobel Peace Prize for helping build
democracy in the birthplace of the Arab Spring, an example of
peaceful transition in a region otherwise struggling with violence
and upheaval.
   (Reuters, 10/9/15)
2015Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 12, Princeton Prof.
Angus Deaton (69), a British-born economist, won the 2015 economics
Nobel Prize for his work on consumption, poverty and welfare that
has helped governments to improve policy through tools such as
household surveys and tax changes.
   (Reuters, 10/12/15)(SFC, 10/13/15, p.A2)(Econ,
10/17/15, p.80)
2015Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 22, Zimbabwean
President Robert Mugabe was awarded China's alternative to the Nobel
Peace Prize for what the prize committee called his inspired
national leadership and service to pan-Africanism. Mugabe received
only 36 of 76 votes, but was awarded the prize following a meeting
of the committee's 13-member review board.
   (AP, 10/22/15)
2015Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 17, Austria’s Univ. of
Salzburg said it has posthumously stripped 1973 Nobel Prize-winning
scientist Konrad Lorenz of his honorary doctorate due to his fervent
embrace of Nazism.
   (AP, 12/17/15)
2016Â Â Â Â Â Â Mar 24, The Swedish
Academy, which awards the Nobel Prize for Literature, denounced the
1989 Iranian fatwa on British writer Salman Rushdie. The Academy
decided to take a position on the fatwa after the amount offered for
the assassination of Rushdie was recently increased.
   (AFP, 3/24/16)
2016Â Â Â Â Â Â Mar 31, Imre Kertesz (86),
the Hungarian writer who won the 2002 Nobel Prize for Literature for
a body of fiction largely drawn from his experience as a teenage
prisoner in Nazi concentration camps, died at his Budapest home.
"Fateless," the novel that together with other works brought him the
2002 Nobel, finally appeared in 1975 after a decade-long struggle to
have it published.
   (AP, 3/31/16)
2016Â Â Â Â Â Â Jul 2, Elie Wiesel (87),
holocaust survivor, author and Nobel Peace Prize laureate (1986),
died at his home in NYC.
   (Reuters, 7/3/16)
2016Â Â Â Â Â Â Aug 2, In southern
California Egypt-born chemist Ahmed Zewail (70), a science adviser
to President Obama, died. He won the 1999 Nobel Prize for his work
on the study of chemical reactions over immensely short time scales.
On August 7 Zewail was given a state funeral with military honors in
Cairo.
   (AP, 8/3/16)(AFP, 8/7/16)
2016Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 3, Japan's Yoshinori
Ohsumi (71) won the 2016 Nobel prize for medicine for
ground-breaking experiments with yeast which exposed a key mechanism
in the body's defenses where cells degrade and recycle their
components.
   (Reuters, 10/3/16)(SFC, 10/4/16, p.A4)
2016Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 4, Three British-born
scientists won the Nobel Prize in physics for discoveries about
strange states of matter that could result in improved materials for
electronics or quantum computers. David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and
Michael Kosterlitz, now affiliated with universities in the United
States, were honored for breakthroughs they made in the 1970s and
'80s.
   (AP, 10/4/16)
2016Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 5, A trio of European
scientists has won the 2016 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for developing
molecular machines that could one day be injected to fight cancer or
used to make new types of materials and energy storage devices.
Frenchman Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Scotland's J. Fraser Stoddart and
Dutchman Bernard Feringa developed molecules that produce mechanical
motion in response to a stimulus, allowing them to perform specific
tasks.
   (Reuters, 10/5/16)
2016Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 7, Colombian President
Juan Manuel Santos was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts
to help end the long-running conflict in his country. The Colombian
government and FARC rebels said they have agreed to discuss
"adjustments" to a contested peace deal and continue a bilateral
ceasefire.
   (AP, 10/7/16)(AFP, 10/7/16)
2016Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 10, US-based academics
Oliver Hart of Harvard, a British-American economist and MIT’s Bengt
Holmstrom of Finland, won the Nobel Economics Prize for
groundbreaking research on contract theory that has helped design
insurance policies, executive pay and even prison management.
   (AFP, 10/10/16)
2016Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 13, Bob Dylan was
awarded the Nobel Prize in literature for "having created new poetic
expressions within the great American song tradition."
   (AP, 10/13/16)
2016Â Â Â Â Â Â Nov 16, The Swedish
Academy said music icon Bob Dylan will not attend the Nobel ceremony
in December to accept his literature prize because he has other
commitments.
   (AFP, 11/16/16)
2016Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 10, In Sweden
Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos accepted the Nobel Peace
Prize, saying it helped his country achieve the "impossible dream"
of ending a half-century-long civil war.
   (AP, 12/10/16)
2017Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 2, Jeffrey Hall (72)
won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with fellow Americans
Michael Rosbash (73) and Michael W. Young for their discoveries
about the body's daily rhythms.
   (AP, 10/2/17)
2017Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 3, Rainer Weiss of
MIT, Kip Thorne of CalTech and Barry Barish, also of CalTech, won
this year's Nobel Physics Prize for their discoveries in
gravitational waves.
   (AP, 10/3/17)
2017Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 4, Three researchers
based in the US, UK and Switzerland won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
for developing a way to create exquisitely detailed images of the
molecules driving life. The prize was shared by Switzerland's
Jacques Dubochet of the University of Lausanne, German-born US
citizen Joachim Frank at New York's Columbia University and Briton
Richard Henderson of MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in
Cambridge, England.
   (AP, 10/4/17)
2017Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 5, The Nobel
Literature Prize went to Japanese-born British novelist Kazuo
Ishiguro (62). His most well-known novel is "The Remains of the
Day," which was turned into a popular movie of the same title.
   (AP, 10/5/17)
2017Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 9, The Nobel Memorial
Prize in Economics was awarded to Richard Thaler of the Univ. of
Chicago’s Booth School of Business for incorporating a more
realistic understanding of human behavior into economic theory.
   (SFC, 10/10/17, p.A6)
2017Â Â Â Â Â Â Nov 24, The organization
behind the "Alternative Nobel" said that a 2017 prize winner from
Azerbaijan would not be able to attend the Dec. 1 award ceremony in
Stockholm because of a travel ban linked to a suspended sentence she
is serving. Azeri investigative journalist Khadija Ismayilova
claimed in a statement issued by the Right Livelihood Award that she
is under the travel ban "because I criticize the government when it
steals the people's money."
   (AP, 11/24/17)
2017Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 9, Meeting in Oslo,
Norway, representatives of the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, the
International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN), called on
the US and North Korea to reduce tensions and end the "urgent
threat" posed by weapons of mass destruction.
   (AP, 12/9/17)
2018Â Â Â Â Â Â Feb 1, A bipartisan group
of US congressmen announced they had nominated Hong Kong
pro-democracy activists Joshua Wong, Nathan Law, Alex Chow and the
entire Umbrella Movement for the 2018 Nobel Peace Prize.
   (AFP, 2/1/18)
2018Â Â Â Â Â Â Feb 24, Three female Nobel
Peace laureates began a weeklong trip to Bangladesh to meet Rohingya
Muslim women who were tortured and raped by soldiers in Myanmar
before fleeing the country. Iran's Shirin Ebadi, Yemen's Tawakkol
Karman and Northern Ireland's Mairead Maguire will assess the
violence against the Rohingya women and the refugees' overall
situation.
   (AP, 2/24/18)
2018Â Â Â Â Â Â May 4, The Swedish Academy
which decides the Nobel Prize for Literature said it would not make
the award this year because of a sexual misconduct scandal that has
caused turmoil in its ranks and led to a string of board members
stepping down.
   (Reuters, 5/4/18)
2018Â Â Â Â Â Â Jun 13, Two Norwegian
lawmakers nominated President Donald Trump for the Nobel Peace Prize
after the Singapore summit with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un.
   (AP, 6/13/18)
2018Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 1, Researchers from
the United States and Japan won the Nobel Prize in medicine for
discoveries that help the body marshal its cellular troops to attack
invading cancers. James Allison of the University of Texas and
Tasuku Honjo of Kyoto University will share the 9-million-kronor
($1.01 million) prize for 2018.
   (AP, 10/1/18)
2018Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 1, In Sweden
Jean-Claude Arnault (72), the man at the center of a sex abuse and
financial crimes scandal that is tarnishing the academy that awards
the Nobel Prize in Literature, was convicted of rape and sentenced
to two years in prison.
   (AP, 10/1/18)
2018Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 2, Three scientists
from the United States, Canada and France won the Nobel Prize in
physics for work with lasers. Arthur Ashkin (96) of Bell
Laboratories in New Jersey, developed "optical tweezers" that can
grab tiny particles such as viruses without damaging them. Donna
Strickland, of the University of Waterloo in Canada, and Frenchman
Gerard Mourou of the Ecole Polytechnique and University of Michigan,
helped develop short and intense laser pulses that have broad
industrial and medical applications, including laser eye surgery and
highly precise machine cutting.
   (AP, 10/2/18)
2018Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 3, Two Americans and a
Briton won the 2018 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for harnessing the
power of evolution to generate novel proteins used in everything
from environmentally friendly detergents to cancer drugs. Frances
Arnold of the California Institute of Technology, George Smith from
the University of Missouri and Gregory Winter of Britain's MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology were awarded the prize for
pioneering science in enzymes and antibodies.
   (Reuters, 10/3/18)
2018Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 5, The Nobel Peace
Prize went to Denis Mukwege, a doctor who treats war rape victims in
the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Nadia Murad, a Yazidi rights
activist and survivor of sexual slavery by Islamic State. Mukwege
dedicated his award to all women affected by rape and sexual
violence.
   (Reuters, 10/5/18)
2018Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 5, The Swedish
Academy, which awards the Nobel Literature Prize, announced an
Iranian-born poet and a judge as new members as it seeks to recover
from a #MeToo scandal that forced it to postpone this year's Nobel.
   (AFP, 10/5/18)
2018Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 8, The Nobel prize in
economics was awarded to to William Nordhaus of Yale University and
Paul Romer of New York University. Nordhaus has developed models
that suggest how governments can combat global warming. Romer has
produced research that shows how governments can advance innovation.
   (AP, 10/8/18)
2018Â Â Â Â Â Â Nov 7, In Sweden Jayne
Svenungsson, a member of the academy that awards the Nobel Prize in
Literature, said she is leaving the body. She became the eighth
person to quit or to be forced off the 18-member board of the
Swedish Academy since the scandals broke last year.
   (AP, 11/7/18)
2018Â Â Â Â Â Â Nov 19, The Swedish
Academy said its new committee would have five of its own members
and five external experts that could pick the Nobel Prize in
Literature winners in 2019 and 2020.
   (Reuters, 11/19/18)
2018Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 9, Astrophysicist
Riccardo Giacconi, 2002 co-winner of the Nobel Prize in physics,
died in San Diego.
   (SSFC, 12/16/18, p.C12)
2018Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 10, In Norway Nobel
laureates Denis Mukwege of CongoDRC and Nadia Murad of Iraq called
on the world to protect victims of wartime sexual violence in their
Peace Prize acceptance speeches, slamming indifference to the plight
of women and children in conflict.
   (AFP, 12/10/18)
2019Â Â Â Â Â Â Jan 18, The
scandal-plagued Swedish body that awards the Nobel Prize for
literature said that poet Katarina Frostenson would leave the
Academy after an investigation determined she had leaked the names
of winners.
   (Reuters, 1/18/19)
2019Â Â Â Â Â Â Mar 2, Russia announced
that Zhores Alferov (88), a physicist and Nobel Prize laureate, has
died in in St Petersburg. Alferov shared the Nobel Physics Prize in
2000 for developments in semiconductor research that have been used
in satellite communications and cellular telephones.
   (AP, 3/2/19)
2019Â Â Â Â Â Â Sep 12, This year's Ig
Nobel winners included: Dutch and Turkish researchers who figured
out which nation has the yuckiest money, an Italian scientist who
urges consumption of pizza for its health benefits, and an Iranian
engineer who obtained a US patent for a diaper-changing machine.
   (AP, 9/13/19)
2019Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 7, Americans William
Kaelin at the U.S. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical
School, Gregg Semenza of Johns Hopkins University and Peter
Ratcliffe of Oxford University won the 2019 Nobel Medicine Prize for
discovering a molecular switch that regulates how cells adapt to
fluctuating oxygen levels, opening up new approaches to treating
heart failure, anemia and cancer.
   (Reuters, 10/7/19)
2019Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 8, Canadian James
Peebles (84) and Swiss scientists Michel Mayor (77) and Didier
Queloz (53) won the physics prize for their work in understanding
how the universe has evolved from the Big Bang and the blockbuster
discovery of a planet outside our solar system.
   (AP, 10/8/19)
2019Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 9, The 2019 Nobel
Prize in Chemistry was awarded to American John B. Goodenough, M.
Stanley Whittingham of Britain and Akira Yoshino of Japan for the
development of lithium-ion batteries.
   (Reuters, 10/9/19)
2019Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 10, Austrian writer
Peter Handke (76) won the 2019 Nobel Prize for Literature and Polish
author Olga Tokarczuk (57) was named as the 2018 winner after a
sexual assault scandal led to last year's award being postponed.
   (AP, 10/10/19)
2019Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 11, Ethiopian PM Abiy
Ahmed won the 2019 Nobel Peace Prize for his peacemaking efforts
which ended two decades of hostility with longtime enemy Eritrea.
   (Reuters, 10/11/19)
2019Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 12, Sara Danius (57),
the first woman to lead the Swedish institution that awards the
Nobel Prize in literature, died. Danius was elected to a lifetime
position on the Swedish Academy's board in 2013 and because the
body's first female permanent secretary in 2015. She resigned the
position in 2018.
   (AP, 10/12/19)
2019Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 14, Abhijit Binayak
Banerjee (b.1961), eminent India-born American economist, shared the
2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Esther Duflo and
Michael Kremer, "for their experimental approach to alleviating
global poverty." Banerjee along with wife Esther Duflo are the sixth
married couple to jointly win a Nobel Prize.
   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhijit_Banerjee)
2019Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 9, Turkey said it
would join Albania and Kosovo in boycotting the Nobel awards
ceremony in protest against 2019 literature prize laureate Peter
Handke, who has been criticized for backing late Serbian strongman
Slobodan Milosevic.
   (Reuters, 12/9/19)
2020Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 4, Americans Harvey J.
Alter and Charles M. Rice and British-born scientist Michael
Houghton won this year’s Nobel Prize in Medicine for their discovery
of the hepatitis C virus.
   (AP, 10/4/20)
2020Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 6, Three scientists
were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics today for their work
on understanding black holes, which the committee called “one of the
most exotic phenomena in the universe.” The prize was awarded half
to Roger Penrose for showing how black holes could form and half to
Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez for discovering a supermassive
object at the Milky Way’s center.
   (NY Times, 10/6/20)
2020Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 7, Emmanuelle
Charpentier of France and Jennifer A. Doudna of the USA were awarded
the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. They developed the Crispr tool, which
can alter the DNA of animals, plants and microorganisms with high
precision.
   (NY Times, 10/7/20)
2020Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 7, In Mexico Mario
Molina (77), winner of the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1995 and the
only Mexican scientist to be honored with a Nobel, died in Mexico
City.
   (AP, 10/7/20)
2020Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 8, American poet
Louise Gluck (77) won the Nobel Prize in Literature for her 12
collections of poetry characterized as candid and uncompromising.
   (SFC, 10/9/20, p.A2)
2020Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 9, The World Food
Program, a United Nations agency, won the Nobel Peace Prize for its
efforts to combat hunger amid the coronavirus pandemic.
   (AP, 10/9/20)
2020Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 12, Paul Milgrom and
Robert Wilson, both of Stanford University, were awarded the Nobel
in economic science today for improvements to auction theory and
inventions of new auction formats.
   (NY Times, 10/12/20)
2021Â Â Â Â Â Â Jan 28, Paul Crutzen (87),
Nobel Prize winning Dutch scientist (1995), died in Mainz, Germany.
His work warned the world about the threat of chemicals to the
Earth's ozone layer.
   (SSFC, 2/7/21, p.E11)
2021Â Â Â Â Â Â Apr 4, Robert A. Mundell
(88), a Nobel Prize-winning economist, died at his home near Siena,
Italy. He was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
in 1999 “for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under
different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency
areas”.
   (NY Times, 4/5/21)
2021Â Â Â Â Â Â Jul 23, In Texas physicist
Steven Weinberg (88), who won the Nobel prize in 1979 with two other
scientists for their separate contributions unlocking mysteries of
tiny particles and their electromagnetic interaction, died in
Austin.
   (AP, 7/24/21)
2021Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 4, American scientists
David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian won the 2021 Nobel Prize for
Medicine for the discovery of receptors in the skin that sense
temperature and touch and could pave the way for new pain-killers.
   (Reuters, 10/4/21)
2021Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 5, The Nobel Prize in
Physics went to Syukuro Manabe of Princeton University, Klaus
Hasselmann of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg,
Germany, and Giorgio Parisi of the Sapienza University of Rome, for
their work in helping to understand complex systems, including how
humanity influences the climate.
   (NY Times, 10/5/21)
2021Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 6, The Nobel Prize in
Chemistry was awarded to Benjamin List, a German chemist and
director at the Max Planck Institute for Coal Research in Mülheim an
der Ruhr, and David W.C. MacMillan, a Scottish chemist and a
professor at Princeton University, for their development of a new
tool to build molecules, work that has spurred advances in
pharmaceutical research and lessened the impact of chemistry on the
environment.
   (NY Times, 10/6/21)
2021Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 7, Tanzanian novelist
Abdulrazak Gurnah (72) won the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature "for
his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of
colonialism and the fate of the refugee." His novels include
"Paradise", set in colonial East Africa during the First World War
and short-listed for the Booker Prize for Fiction, and "Desertion".
   (Reuters, 10/7/21)
2021Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 8, The Norwegian Nobel
Committee awarded journalists Maria Ressa of the Philippines and
Dmitry Muratov (59) of Russia won the Nobel Peace Prize. Muratov
dedicated the Peace Prize to six of his paper's journalists murdered
for their work.
   (NY Times, 10/8/21)(Reuters, 10/8/21)
2021Â Â Â Â Â Â Oct 11, The Nobel in
economics went to US-based David Card, Joshua Angrist and Guido
Imbens. Card has made a career of studying unintended experiments to
examine economic questions — like whether raising the minimum wage
causes people to lose jobs. Angrist and Imbens have developed
research tools that help economists to use real-life situations to
test big theories, like how additional education affects earnings.
   (NY Times, 10/11/21)
2021Â Â Â Â Â Â Dec 3, The Philippine
Court of Appeals granted a request by Maria Ressa to travel to Oslo
to receive her Nobel Prize Peace Prize on Dec. 10, noting that "she
is not a flight risk." Ressa's news site, Rappler, has had its
license suspended and she is embroiled in various legal cases.
   (Reuters, 12/3/21)
2022Â Â Â Â Â Â Jan 13, The committee that
awards the Nobel Peace Prize appealed to Ethiopian PM Abiy Ahmed,
who won the award in 2019, to halt the conflict unfolding in the
country's northern region of Tigray.
   (Reuters, 1/13/22)
2022Â Â Â Â Â Â Feb 8, Luc Montagnier
(89), French Nobel laureate who co-discovered HIV, died in the
American Hospital in Neuilly-sur-Seine.
   (News Wires, 2/10/22)
2022Â Â Â Â Â Â Mar 22, It was reported
that Russian journalist Dmitry Muratov is donating his 2021 Nobel
Peace Prize Medal to raise funds for Ukrainian refugees.
   (The Hill, 3/22/22)
2022Â Â Â Â Â Â Mar 28, Novaya Gazeta,
Russia's leading independent newspaper, suspended operations after
pressure from Russian authorities, a move that comes less than six
months after its editor won the Nobel Peace Prize for his paper’s
courageous reporting under difficult circumstances.
   (AP, 3/28/22)