New York City thru 1899

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The tri-state area around NYC was inhabited by the Lanape Indians prior to the arrival of Europeans.
    (WSJ, 12/3/98, p.A20)

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1524        Apr 17, Giovanni da Verrazano, Florentine navigator, reached present-day New York Harbor. He explored from Cape Fear to Newfoundland and discovered New York Bay and the Hudson River. He was later eaten by natives.
    (TL-MB, p.12)(HN, 4/17/98)(SFEM, 11/15/98, p.26)(AP, 4/17/08)

1609        Sep 3-4, Henry Hudson discovered the island of Manhattan. The exact date is not known.
    (MC, 9/3/01)(www.hudsonriver.com)

1609         Sep 12, English explorer Henry Hudson sailed his ship, the Half Moon, into the river that later took his name. Hudson sailed for the Dutch East India Company in search of the Northwest Passage, a water route linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
    (AP, 9/12/97)(Econ, 7/4/09, p.28)
       
1609        Henry Hudson gave brandy to the local Indians and their chief passed out. The place was renamed "Manahachtanienk," meaning "where everybody got drunk." Authorities say that "Manhattan" came form an Indian word meaning "high island."
    (SFEC, 1/25/98, Z1 p.8)

1610        Jun 10, The 1st Dutch settlers arrived from NJ to colonize Manhattan Island.
    (MC, 6/10/02)

1626        May 4, Dutch explorer Peter Minuit (~1594-1638), director-general of New Netherlands, bought Manhattan Island for 60 guilders (about $24 in 1839 dollars) worth of cloth and buttons. Minuit conducted the transaction with Seyseys, chief of the Canarsees, who were only too happy to accept valuable merchandise in exchange for an island that was actually mostly controlled by the Weckquaesgeeks. The Sixty guilders were valued at approximately $1,060 in 2013. The site of the deal was later marked by Peter Minuit Plaza at South Street and Whitehall Street.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Minuit)(AP, 5/4/97)(HN, 5/4/98)(WSJ, 11/19/99, p.W10)

1626        Nov 25, Peter Minuit, director general of the Dutch West India Co., bought Manhattan Island for about $24 in beads and other trinkets.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R43)

1626        The first known African slaves, 11 young men from the Congo River basin, appeared in New Amsterdam.
    (SFC, 2/7/00, p.A4)

1628        The Reformed Protestant Dutch Church was established by settlers in New York. In 1867 it became the Reformed Church of America.
    (SFEC, 4/20/97, Par p.18)(SFC, 7/21/97, p.A11)

1630        Jul 12, New Amsterdam's governor bought Gull Island from Indians for cargo and renamed it Oyster Island. It later became Ellis Island.
    (MC, 7/12/02)

1630        Staten Island was acquired by Dutch settlers. [see 1659]
    (WSJ, 11/19/99, p.W10)

1638        Aug 9, Jonas Bronck of Holland became the 1st European settler in the Bronx.
    (MC, 8/9/02)

1642        Feb 25, Dutch settlers slaughtered lower Hudson Valley Indians in New Netherland, North America, who sought refuge from Mohawk attackers.
    (HN, 2/25/99)

1645        Aug 9, Settlers in New Amsterdam gained peace with the Indians after conducting talks with the Mohawks.
    (HN, 8/9/98)

1647        May 11, Peter Stuyvesant (37) arrived in New Amsterdam to become governor of New Netherland. The one-legged professional soldier was sent from the Netherlands to head the Dutch trading colony at the southern end of Manhattan Island. Stuyvesant lost a leg in a minor skirmish in the Caribbean in 1644.
    (ON, 4/00, p.1)(AH, 10/04, p.74)(AP, 5/11/08)

1647        Nov 10, The all Dutch-held area of New York was returned to English control by the treaty of Westminster.
    (HN, 11/10/98)

1648        Oct 4, Peter Stuyvesant established America's 1st volunteer firemen.
    (MC, 10/4/01)

1650        Sep, Peter Stuyvesant traveled from New Amsterdam to Hartford, Conn., to negotiate boundaries for their colonies.
    (ON, 4/00, p.1)

1652        Jun 27, New Amsterdam (now NYC) passed the 1st speed limit law in US.
    (MC, 6/27/02)

1653        Feb 2, New Amsterdam -- now New York City -- was incorporated.
    (AP, 2/2/97)

1653        Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New Netherland, ordered a wall built to  protect the Dutch settlers from the Indians. The wall gave New York’s Wall Street its name.
    (WSJ, 10/9/97, p.A16)

1654        Aug 22, Jacob Barsimson, the 1st Jewish immigrant to US, arrived in New Amsterdam.
    (MC, 8/22/02)

1655        Apr 26, Dutch West Indies Co. denied Peter Stuyvesant's desire to exclude Jews from New Amsterdam.
    (MC, 4/26/02)

1655        Peter Stuyvesant launched an offensive against Swedish soldiers who had seized control of the fur trade along the Delaware. In his absence Indians attacked New Amsterdam and took dozens of hostages.
    (ON, 4/00, p.2)

1655        The first slave auction was held in New Amsterdam.
    (SFC, 10/19/98, p.D3)

1656        Feb 22, New Amsterdam was granted a Jewish burial site.
    (MC, 2/22/02)

1656        Mar 13, Jews were denied the right to build a synagogue in New Amsterdam.
    (MC, 3/13/02)

1657        Jun 1, 1st Quakers arrived in New Amsterdam (NY). (MC, 6/1/02)

1657        Settlers in Vlissingen (later Flushing, Queens, NY) signed a declaration of religious freedom called the Flushing Remonstrance.
    (SSFC, 4/17/05, Par p.12)

1658        Aug 12, The 1st US police corps formed in New Amsterdam.
    (MC, 8/12/02)

1658        A night watchman kept a lookout for Indian attacks.
    (WSJ, 11/3/98, p.A20)

1659        Cornelius Meylin, patroon of Staten Island, wrote in his recollections that Staten Island was acquired in 1630 in exchange for "kittles, axes, Hoos, wampum, drilling awles, Jews Harps and diverse small wares."
    (WSJ, 11/19/99, p.W10)

1660        Oct 15, Asser Levy was granted a butcher's license for kosher meat in New Amsterdam.
    (MC, 10/15/01)

1662        John Bowne (34) was arrested in Vlissingen (later Flushing, Queens, NY) on orders from Gov. Peter Stuyvesant for aiding and abetting an “abomination” (Quakerism). In a hearing 19 months later Bowne invoked a 1657 declaration of religious freedom called the Flushing Remonstrance.
    (SSFC, 4/17/05, Par p.12)

1664        Mar 22, Charles II gave large tracks of land from west of the Connecticut River to the east of Delaware Bay in North America to his brother James, the Duke of York and Albany. The entire Hudson Valley and New Amsterdam was given to James.
    (AP, 3/22/99)(ON, 4/00, p.2)

1664        Jul 23, 4 British ships arrived in Boston to drive the Dutch out of NY.
    (MC, 7/23/02)

1664        Aug 28, Four English warships under Colonel Richard Nicolls sailed into New Amsterdam. 450 English soldiers disembarked and took control of Brooklyn, a village of mostly English settlers.
    (ON, 4/00, p.2)

1664        Sep 5, After days of negotiation, the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam surrendered to the British, who would rename it New York. The citizens of New Amsterdam petitioned Peter Stuyvesant to surrender to the English. The "Articles of Capitulation" guaranteed free trade, religious liberty and a form of local representation. In 2004 Russell Shorto authored "The Island At the Center of the World," a history of New York's Dutch period.
    (HN, 9/5/98)(ON, 4/00, p.3)(WSJ, 3/16/04, p.D6)

1664        Sep 8, The Dutch formally surrendered New Amsterdam to 300 English soldiers. The British soon renamed it New York.
    (AP, 9/8/97)(ON, 4/00, p.3)

1665        Jun 12, England installed a municipal government in New York, formerly the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam.
    (AP, 6/12/97)

1667        Jun 21, The Peace of Breda ended the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1664-67) and saw the Dutch cede New Amsterdam [on Manhattan Island] to the English.
    (WUD, 1994, p.961)(HN, 6/21/98)

1672        Peter Stuyvesant died on his farm in NY. In 1959 Henry H. Kessler and Eugene Rachlis authored "Peter Stuyvesant and his New York." In 1970 Adele de Leeuw authored "Peter Stuyvesant."
    (ON, 4/00, p.3)

1673        Aug 9, Dutch recapture NY from English. It was regained by English in 1674.
    (MC, 8/9/02)

1674        Feb 9, English reconquered NY from Netherlands.
    (MC, 2/9/02)

1674        Feb 19, Netherlands and England signed the Peace of Westminster. NYC became English.
    (MC, 2/19/02)

1674        Nov 10, Dutch formally ceded New Netherlands (NY) to English. [see 1664]
    (MC, 11/10/01)

1686        The NYC Charter of this year incorporated the rights of the 1664 New Amsterdam "Articles of Capitulation."
    (WSJ, 3/16/04, p.D6)

1697        The British implemented a policy of mortuary segregation for slaves and relegated their dead to a 5-6 acre plot at the marshy tip of Manhattan.
    (SFC, 2/7/00, p.A4)

1699        A wooden wall on the northern edge of New Amsterdam, built for protection from the Indians, was destroyed by the British.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R43)

1702        Lord Cornbury, Queen Anne's cousin, was made governor of New York  and gave Trinity Church some land.
    (SFEC, 1/10/99, p.A13)

1712        Apr 7, There was a slave revolt in New York City. A slave insurrection in New York City was suppressed by the militia and ended with the execution of 21 blacks. [see Jul 4]
    (HN, 4/7/97)(HNQ, 6/10/98)

1712        Jul 4, Twelve slaves were executed for starting a slave uprising in New York that killed nine whites. [see Apr 7]
    (HN, 7/4/98)(PCh, 1992, p.278)

1714        Nov 11, A highway in Bronx was laid out. It was later renamed East 233rd Street.
    (MC, 11/11/01)

1725        Nov, William Bradford, an English-born Quaker, established the New York Gazette. The site at 81 Pearl was later taken up by a Chinese restaurant.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R43)

1730        Apr 9, The 1st Jewish congregation in US formed the synagogue, "Sherith Israel, NYC."
    (www.ou.org/orthodoxunion/unionstory/chapter1.htm)

1731        Aug 7, William Cosby arrived in New York to assume his post as Governor for the New York Province.
    (www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/zenger/zengeraccount.html)

1733        Nov 5, John Peter Zenger (b.1697), German-born immigrant, published the 1st issue of the New York Weekly Journal. Zenger, the partner of William Bradford, had left the Gazette to form the rival New York Weekly Journal. Attorney James Alexander hired Zenger in order to publish anonymously his criticism of NY Governor William Cosby.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R43)(ON, 11/04, p.9)

1734        Oct 22, NY Gov. William Cosby ordered the hangman and whipper of NY to burn 4 back issues of the New York Weekly Journal.
    (ON, 11/04, p.9)

1734        Nov 17, John Zenger was arrested for libel against NY colonial governor William Cosby. Zenger was later acquitted.
    (ON, 11/04, p.9)

1735        Aug 5, A NY jury acquitted John Peter Zenger of the New York Weekly Journal of seditious libel.
    (www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/zenger/zenger.html)

1736        Mar 10, NY colonial Gov. William Cosby died. George Clarke became the new governor.
    (ON, 11/04, p.10)(www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/zenger/chronology.html)

1736        The 1st NYC almshouse was built on the site later taken by City Hall.
    (Arch, 7/02, p.)

1741        A slave revolt in New York caused considerable property damage but left people unharmed. Rumors of a conspiracy among slaves and poor whites in New York City to seize control led to a panic that resulted in the conviction of 101 blacks, the hanging of 18 blacks and four whites, the burning alive of 13 blacks and the banishment from the city of 70. In 2005 Anne Farrow, Joel Lang and Jennifer Frank authored “Complicity: The North Promoted, Prolonged and Profited from Slavery,” which included a chapter on the 1941 NYC slave revolt.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Conspiracy_of_1741)(SFC, 12/18/96, p.A25)(SSFC, 10/2/05, p.F3)

1743        The first botanical survey of the NYC area was done by Cadwallader Colden (1688-1776). The Scotsman later served two terms as the colonial governor of the province of New York.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwallader_Colden)(Econ, 12/20/14, p.106)

1744        The New York Gazette folded.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R43)

1750        Mar 5, The 1st American Shakespearean production, was an "altered" Richard III in NYC.
    (MC, 3/5/02)

1751        Feb 25, The 1st performing monkey exhibited in America was in NYC.
    (MC, 2/25/02)

1754        Jan 4, Columbia University was founded as Kings College in NYC. [see July 7]
    (MC, 1/4/02)

1754        Jul 7, King's College in New York City opened under a Royal Charter. 8 students and one professor met in the vestry of Trinity Church. The school was renamed Columbia College 30 years later. [see Jan 4]
    (AP, 7/7/97)(WSJ, 10/15/03, p.A20)

1756        Mar 17, St. Patrick's Day was 1st celebrated in NYC at Crown & Thistle Tavern.
    (MC, 3/17/02)

1762        Mar 17, 1st St Patrick's Day parade was held in NYC.
    (MC, 3/17/02)

1765        Oct 7, Delegates from nine of the American colonies met in New York to discuss the Stamp Act Crisis and colonial response to it. This "Stamp Act Congress" went on to draft resolutions condemning the Stamp and Sugar Acts, trial without jury and taxation without representation as contrary to their rights as Englishmen.
    (AP, 10/7/97)(HN, 10/7/98)

1765        Oct 19, The Stamp Act Congress, meeting in New York, drew up a declaration of rights and liberties.
    (AP, 10/19/97)

1765-1915    In 2002 Michael Henry Adams authored "Harlem Lost and Found "An Architectural and Social History: 1765-1915."
    (SFC, 6/10/02, p.D5)

1766        St. Paul’s Chapel was built. In 2001 it was Manhattan’s oldest church.
    (WSJ, 9/14/01, p.W13)

1768        Apr 5, 1st US Chamber of Commerce formed in NYC.
    (MC, 4/5/02)

1768        Oct 30, 1st Methodist church in US was initiated at Wesley Chapel, NYC.
    (MC, 10/30/01)

1774        Apr, NYC patriots dumped 18 chests of tea off Murray’s Wharf.
    (WSJ, 10/16/02, p.D8)

1774        Aug 6, Mother Ann Lee, founder of the Shaker Movement, arrived in NY.
    (MC, 8/6/02)

1774        Aug 28, Mother Elizabeth Ann Seton, the first American-born saint and the founder of the Sisters of St. Joseph, was born in New York City. She was canonized in 1975.
    (AP, 8/28/97)(HN, 8/28/98)(RTH, 8/28/99)

1774-1781    The British army occupied Manhattan, Staten Island and western Long Island for 7 years. In 2002 Richard M. Ketchum authored "Divided Loyalties," an account of the Revolutionary spirit in NY; Barnet Schecter authored "The Battle for New York," and Judith L. Van Buskirk authored "Generous Enemies," an account of interactions between loyalists and rebels during the war.
    (WSJ, 10/16/02, p.D8)

1775        Jan 25, Americans dragged cannon up hill to fight the British at Gun Hill Road, Bronx.
    (MC, 1/25/02)

1776        Jul 10, The statue of King George III was pulled down in New York City.
    (HN, 7/10/98)

1776        Aug 29, General George Washington retreated during the night from Long Island to New York City.
    (HN, 8/29/98)

1776        Sep 6, The Turtle, the 1st submarine invented by David Bushnell, attempted to secure a cask of gunpowder to the HMS Eagle, flagship of the British fleet, in the Bay of NY but got entangled with the Eagle’s rudder bar, lost ballast and surfaced before the charge was planted. Sergeant Ezra Lee released the bomb the next morning as a British barge approached. The British turned back and the bomb soon exploded. A month later the turtle was lost under British attack as it was being transported on a sailboat.
    (SFEC,11/23/97, Par p.14)(Arch, 5/05, p.36)

1776        Sep 11, An American delegation consisting of Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and Edward Rutledge met with British Admiral Richard Lord Howe to discuss terms upon which reconciliation between Britain and the colonies might be based. The talks were unsuccessful. In 2003 Barnet Schecter authored “The Battle for New York: The City at the Heart of the American Revolution.”
    (AH, 6/03, p.61)(www.patriotresource.com/people/howe/page2.html)

1776        Sep 15, British forces occupied New York City during the American Revolution. British forces captured Kip's Bay, Manhattan, during the American Revolution.
    (AP, 9/15/97)(HN, 9/15/99)

1776        Sep 20, American soldiers, some of them members of Nathan Hale’s regiment, filtered into British-held New York City and stashed resin soaked logs into numerous buildings and a roaring inferno was started. A fourth of the city was destroyed including Trinity Church. The events are documented in the 1997 book "Liberty by Thomas Fleming."
    (SFEC,11/23/97, Par p.14)(WSJ, 9/14/01, p.W13)

1776        Sep 21, Nathan Hale was arrested in NYC by the British for spying for American rebels.
    (SFC, 9/20/03, p.A2)
1776        Sep 21, NYC burned down in the Great Fire 5 days after British took over.
    (MC, 9/21/01)

1776        Sep 22, American Captain Nathan Hale was hanged as a spy with no trial by the British in New York City during the Revolutionary War. He was considered as one of the incendiaries of the burning of NYC. Hale was commissioned  by General George Washington to cross behind British lines on Long Island and report on their activity. His last words are reputed to have been, "I only regret that I have but one life to give for my country."
    (AP, 9/22/97)(SFEC,11/23/97, Par p.14)(HN, 9/22/98)

1776        Oct 12, British Brigade began guarding Throgs Necks Road in Bronx.
    (MC, 10/12/01)

1776        Oct 18, In a NY bar decorated with bird tail, a customer ordered a "cocktail."
    (MC, 10/18/01)
1776        Oct 18, At the Battle of Pelham Col. John Glover and the Marblehead regiment collided with British Forces in the Bronx.
    (MC, 10/18/01)

1776        Nov 16, British troops captured Fort Washington on the north end of Manhattan during the American Revolution.
    (AP, 11/1697)(MC, 11/16/01)

1776        A New York tavern keeper mixed a rum and "cocktail." The name was derived from rooster feathers used as ornaments for glasses.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)

1777        May 12, The 1st ice cream advertisement appeared in the Philip Lenzi NY Gazette.
    (MC, 5/12/02)

1778        Aug 31, British killed 17 Stockbridge Indians in Bronx during Revolution.
    (MC, 8/31/01)

1778        Benjamin Tallmadge, under orders from George Washington, organized a spy network in NYC, the heart of the British forces. The code name for the group was Samuel Culper and it became known as the Culper Gang.
    (MT, Fall/99, p.6)

1778        Robert Edwards, a Welsh buccaneer, or his son supposedly leased 77 acres of prime land to Trinity Church on a 99-year lease. The land later included what became Wall street. The land was supposed to revert to his descendants but that didn't happen. The case was to go to court in 1999.
    (SFEC, 1/10/99, p.A13)

1789        U.S. President. Washington stayed at 3 Cherry Street in New York while the national capital was there.
    (HNQ, 10/28/00)

1783        Apr 3, Washington Irving (d.Nov 28, 1859), essayist, author, historian, biographer, attorney/lawyer, American writer (Legend of Sleepy Hollow & Rip Van Winkle), was born in New York City.
    (DTnet, 11/28/97)(HN, 4/3/98)

1783        Jun 1, Last British troops sailed from New York. (MC, 6/1/02)

1783         Dec 4, Gen. George Washington said farewell to his officers at Fraunces Tavern in NYC. In 2003 Stanley Weintraub authored "General Washington's Christmas Farewell."
    (AP, 12/4/97)(SFEC, 6/21/98, p.T4)(WSJ, 12/10/03, p.D8)

1785        Jan 11, Continental Congress convened in NYC.
    (MC, 1/11/02)

1787        Oct 27, The first of the Federalist Papers, a series of 77 essays calling for ratification of the U.S. Constitution, was published in a New York newspaper. The essays by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay were written under the pseudonym “Publius” and later published as "The Federalist Papers."
    (AP, 10/27/97)(WSJ, 11/19/98, p.A1)(WSJ, 12/29/07, p.A8)

1787        Erasmus Hall School opened in NYC.
    (SFC, 1/21/02, p.A21)
1787        Ephraim Brasher, a goldsmith living in the Cherry Hill district of NYC, began minting gold doubloons, valued at $15, as currency for the new United States. In 1947 the film The Brasher Doubloon” was made based on a detective by novel Raymond Chandler. In 2011 a Brasher doubloon was sold for $7.4 million.
    (SFC, 12/15/11, p.A1)

1788        Mar 7, Alexander Hamilton published his Federalist Paper 65 in the New York Packet. It discussed the subject of impeachment.
    (USAT, 9/14/98, p.4A)

1788         Sep 13, The Congress of the Confederation authorized the first national election, and declared New York City the temporary national capital. The Constitutional Convention authorized the first federal election resolving that electors (electoral college) in all the states will be appointed on January 7, 1789. The Convention decreed that the first federal election would be held on the first Wednesday in February of the following year.
    (AP, 9/13/97)(HN, 9/13/00)

1789         Feb 4, Electors unanimously chose George Washington to be the first  president of the United States and John Adams as vice-president. The results of the balloting were not counted in the US Senate until two months later. Washington accepted office at the Federal Building of New York. His first cabinet included Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton as first secretary of the Treasury, Henry Knox, and Edmund Randolph.
    (A & IP, ESM, p.10)(WSJ, 3/12/97, p.A18)(AP, 2/4/07)

1789        Mar 4, The Constitution of the United States, framed in 1787, went into effect as the first  Federal Congress met in New York City. Lawmakers then adjourned for the lack of a quorum (9 senators, 13 representatives). In 2006 Robert V. Remini, historian of the US House of Representatives, authored “The House.”
    (WUD, 1994, p.314)(AP, 3/4/98)(HN, 3/4/98)(SC, 3/4/02)

1789        Apr 1, The U.S. House of Representatives held its first full meeting, in New York City. Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania was elected the first House Speaker.
    (AP, 4/1/98)

1789        Apr 6, The first US Congress began regular sessions at Federal Hall on Wall Street, NYC.
    (HN, 4/6/98)(MC, 4/6/02)

1789        Apr 23, President-elect Washington and his wife moved into the first executive mansion, the Franklin House, in New York. George Washington was inaugurated at Federal Hall and lived at 3 Cherry Street in New York City. In 1790, with construction on the new federal capital underway, the government was moved temporarily to Philadelphia, where Washington served out his two terms. He is the only president who never resided in the White House.
    (AP, 4/23/97)(HNPD, 12/22/98)

1789        Apr 30, George Washington was inaugurated and took office in New York as the first president of the United States. He took his oath of office on the balcony of Federal Hall on Wall Street and spoke the words “So help me God,” which all future US presidents have repeated. The oath as prescribed by the Constitution makes no mention of God of the Bible.
    (AP, 4/30/97)(HN, 4/30/98)(SSFC, 1/18/09, p.W4)(AH, 4/07, p.31)

1789        Sep 2, The US Congress created a permanent institution for the management of government finances. The Treasury Department, headed by Alexander Hamilton, was created in New York City and housed in Fraunces Tavern at 54 Pearl St.
    (http://tinyurl.com/yd4v7gtb)(AP, 9/2/97)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R43)

1789        Sep 13, Start of the US National Debt as the government took out its first loan, borrowed from the Bank of North America (NYC) at 6 percent interest.
    (MC, 9/13/01)

1789        Sep 25, The First Federal Congress of the United States, meeting in NYC, proposed to the state legislatures twelve amendments to the Constitution. The first two, concerning the number of constituents for each Representative and the compensation of Congressmen, were not ratified.* Articles three through twelve, known as the Bill of Rights, became the first ten amendments to the US Constitution and contained guarantees of essential rights and liberties omitted in the crafting of the original document. 14 copies were hand written and 13 were sent to the individual states.
    (http://www.loc.gov/rr//program/bib/ourdocs/billofrights.html)(SFC, 1/20/02, p.A11)

1789        Nov, The U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, the oldest federal court in the United States, convened in New York, a few weeks ahead of the Supreme Court.
    (http://jimzirin.com/book-the-mother-court/foreword/)(Econ, 6/28/14, p.75)

1790        Jan 8, President Washington delivered the 1st "State of the Union" address in NYC.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1790_State_of_the_Union_Address)

1790        Feb 1, The US Supreme Court convened for 1st time in Royal Exchange Building, New York City, the nations temporary capital.
    (www.supremecourthistory.org)

1790        Mar 21, Thomas Jefferson (46) reported to President Washington in New York as the new US Secretary of state.
    (AP, 3/21/97)(www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/private-banks-quotation)

1790        Aug 2, The enumeration for the first US census began. It showed that 3,929,326 people were living in the US of which 697,681 were slaves, and that the largest cities were New York City with 33,000 inhabitants; Philadelphia, with 28,000; Boston, with 18,000; Charleston, South Carolina, with 16,000; and Baltimore, with 13,000. Census records for Delaware, Georgia, New Jersey, and Virginia were lost sometime between 1790 and 1830.
    (AP, 8/2/06)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1790_United_States_Census)

1790        Dec 6, Congress moved from New York City to Philadelphia.
    (AP, 12/6/97)

1791        Dec 17, NYC traffic regulation created the 1st 1-way street.
    (MC, 12/17/01)

1792        May 17, Stock traders signed the Buttonwood Agreement in New York City at the Tontine Coffee House Company near a Buttonwood tree, where business had been transacted in the past. 24 merchants formed their exchange at Wall and Water Streets where they fixed rates on commissions on stocks and bonds. This later developed into the New York Stock Exchange. A market crash and almost total halt in credit, trading and liquidity prompted the Buttonwood Agreement under the influence of Alexander Hamilton. The organization drafted its constitution on March 8th, 1817, and named itself the "New York Stock & Exchange Board."
    (WSJ, 3/24/97, p.A19)(HN, 5/17/98)(www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/crash/timeline/)

1797        Jan 1, Albany became the capital of New York state, replacing New York City.
    (AP, 1/1/98)

1799        Sep 1, Bank of Manhattan Company opened in NYC. It was the forerunner to Chase Manhattan.
    (MC, 9/1/02)

1800        Sep 7, The NYC Zion AME Church was dedicated.
    (MC, 9/7/01)

1800s        The new York Times established a charity called the New York Times’ 100 Neediest Cases Fund.
    (SFC,12/11/97, p.A23)

1801        Nov 16, The 1st edition of New York Evening Post was published. Alexander Hamilton helped found the paper and served as editor. In 1976, Rupert Murdoch bought the Post for US$30.5 million. Since 1993, the Post has been owned by News Corporation and its successor, News Corp, which had owned it previously from 1976 to 1988.
    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post)(WSJ, 12/3/01, p.A17)

1803        Dewitt Clinton (1769-1828) began serving his 1st term as Mayor of New York City and continued to 1807. His 2nd term as mayor was from 1808-1810 and again from 1811-1815.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton)
1803        In  NYC the industrial district surrounded the Collect Pond. It got so polluted that the Common Council called for it to be filled and the process was begun in this year.
    (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.47)

1806        A catalog of the plants at Elgin Botanical Garden was published. This was the first botanical garden in NYC and was located at what later became Rockefeller Center.
    (WSJ, 7/7/98, p.A14)

1806        NYC Mayor DeWitt Clinton, having read the work of Englishman Joseph Lancaster, formed the New York Free School Society to found Lancastrian schools.
    (ON, 3/06, p.10)

1808        John Randel Jr., the secretary, surveyor and chief engineer for New York City’s street commissioners, and his colleagues began drafting and executing the street grid plan for Manhattan.
    (www.nytimes.com/2011/03/21/nyregion/21randel.html?_r=1&)

1810        In New York City St. James’ Episcopal Church in Manhattan was founded. In 2019 the church dedicated a plaque with the inscription: “In solemn remembrance of the enslaved persons whose labor created wealth that made possible the founding of St. James’ Church”.
    (AP, 12/13/20)
1810        Ephraim Basher (b.1744), NYC silversmith, died. He marked his pieces “EB” inside a square or an oval.
    (SFC, 1/30/08, p.G4)

1811        Oct 11, The first steam-powered ferryboat, the Juliana, was put into operation between New York City and Hoboken, N.J.
    (AP, 10/11/97)

1811        Manhattan adopted a street grid that allowed the island to be developed over time. It planned for a sevenfold expansion.
    (Econ, 6/21/14, p.59)(Econ, 7/2/16, p.12)

1811-1887    Thomas Brooks, a New York City craftsman. He made Victorian furniture in the Renaissance Revival and Rococo Revival styles. His firm Thomas Brooks & Co. existed from 1856-1876.
    (SFC, 6/30/99, Z1 p.7)

1812        Jun 16, City Bank of New York came into existence. A group of merchants had taken the first steps towards setting up a new bank in 1811 to help New York compete with rivals Philadelphia, Boston, and Baltimore. In 1976, under the leadership of CEO Walter B. Wriston, First National City Bank (and its holding company First National City Corporation) was renamed Citibank, N.A.
    (http://www.citigroup.com/citi/about/mobile/200years/detail-1812.html)

1812        The small Bank of America was founded in NYC.
    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3ABank_of_America)(SFC, 4/14/98, p.B1)

1813        Oct 29, The Demologos, the first steam-powered warship, was launched in New York City.
    (HN, 10/29/98)

1815        Nov 15, John Banvard, painter of the world’s largest painting (3 mile canvas), was born in NYC.
    (MC, 11/15/01)

1817        The New York Stock and Exchange Board (NYSE) was formalized and established its first quarters in a rented room at 40 Wall St.
    (SFC, 4/23/98, p.D2)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R43)

1818        Feb 7, The first successful U.S. educational magazine, Academician, began publication in New York City.
    (HN, 2/7/99)


1818        Henry Sands Brooks began H. & D.H. Brooks & Co. in mostly rural Manhattan. It became a key military supplier during the Civil War. A 2nd store opened in 1928 and operations grew to the well known chain known as Brooks Brothers.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R40)(SFC, 6/29/01, p.A8)(NW, 9/1/03, p.64)

1819        May 21, The 1st bicycles (swift walkers) in US were introduced in NYC.
    (MC, 5/21/02)

1819        Aug 2, The first parachute jump from a balloon was made by Charles Guille in New York City.
    (HN, 8/2/01)

1821        Feb 12, The Mercantile Library of City of NY opened.
    (MC, 2/12/02)

1821        Feb 21, Charles Scribner, was born. He founded the New York Publishing firm which became Charles Scribner's Sons and also founded Scribner's magazine.
    (HN, 2/21/99)

1821        Mar 14, African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church founded in NY.
    (MC, 3/14/02)

1821        May 24, Samuel Bard (b.1742), American physician and founder of the first medical school in NYC, died.  In 1767 Bard opened a medical school at King's College, which in 1784 was renamed Columbia College.
    (https://tinyurl.com/yyktul74)(SSFC, 8/30/20, p.A10)

1821        Jun 21, African Methodist Episcopal Zion (AMEZ) Church was organized in NYC as a national body. [see Mar 14]
    (MC, 6/21/02)

1823        Apr 3, William Macy "Boss" Tweed, New York City political boss, was born.
    (HN, 4/3/98)

1824        Nov 16, NY City's Fifth Avenue opened for business.
    (MC, 11/16/01)

1825        Mar 2, The 1st grand opera in US sung in English was in NYC.
    (SC, 3/2/02)

1825        Nov 29, 1st Italian opera in US, "Barber of Seville," premiered in NYC and was welcomed by the legendary librettist for Mozart (and friend of Casanova), Lorenzo DaPonte, who was Professor of Italian at King's (later Columbia) College.
    (MC, 11/29/01)

1825        Seneca Village began in New York City and eventually spanned from 82nd Street to 89th Street along what later became the western edge of Central Park. The area became a refuge for African Americans, but was finally razed in 1857 to make way for Central Park.
    (https://timeline.com/black-village-destroyed-central-park-6356723113fa)
1825        Mordecai Noah attempted to establish a Jewish state called Grand Island near Buffalo. No one came to the grand opening ceremony. At this time there were about 1000 Jews living in Manhattan.
    (SFC, 5/20/99, p.E1,8)

1825-1861    In 2001 Catherine Voorsanger (d.2002 at 51) edited "Art and the Empire City: New York, 1825-1861" to accompany a show by the same name.
    (SFC, 1/4/02, p.A27)   

1826        Lord & Taylor opened as a dry goods store in NYC. English-born Samuel Lord had started a dry goods business in New York in 1824 and opened the original store that would become Lord & Taylor in 1826, on Catherine Street in what is now Two Bridges, Manhattan.
    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_%26_Taylor)(SFC, 8/29/19, p.D1)

1826-1833    The Hawk and Buzzard newspaper subsisted largely on gossip.
    (SFEM, 11/8/98, p.12)

1827        Feb 7, Ballet (Deserter) was introduced to US at Bowery Theater in NYC.
    (MC, 2/7/02)

1827        The first edition of New York's Freedom's Journal was published by John Russworm and Samuel Cornish.
    (SFEC, 1/31/99, DB p.28)

1829        Cornelius Vanderbilt (1794-1877), NYC-based entrepreneur, began his own line of steamboats and rapidly branched out to trans-oceanic shipping and railroad building.
    (ON, 6/12, p.2)
1829        Utopian reformers opened the Hall of Science in a disused downtown Manhattan church, across the street from Tract House, the headquarters of a new Christian evangelical movement.
    (SSFC, 9/8/02, p.M2)

1829-1833    Walter Bowne served as mayor of NYC.
    (SSFC, 4/17/05, Par p.12)

1830        Sep 9 Charles Durant flew a balloon from New York City across the Hudson River to Perth Amboy, N.J.
    (AP, 9/9/05)

1831        Mar 19, The first recorded US bank robbery occurred at the City Bank, in New York. Some $245,000 is stolen.
    (HN, 3/19/98)

1831        Jul 4, James Monroe, 5th President of the United States, died in New York City at age 73, making him the third ex-President to die on Independence Day.
    (AP, 7/4/97)(HN, 7/4/98)(IB, Internet, 12/7/98)

1831        The New York City Marble Cemetery on Manhattan's Lower East Side was established.
    (AP, 10/12/10)

1832        Nov 14, The first streetcar -- a horse-drawn vehicle called the John Mason -- went into operation in New York City.
    (AP, 11/14/97)

1832        Nov 26, Public streetcar service began in New York City. The fare: 12 1/2 cents.
    (AP, 11/26/97)

1833        Sep 3, The first successful penny newspaper was published. Benjamin H. Day issued the first copy of "The New York Sun". By 1826, circulation was the largest in the country at 30,000. New York’s population was over 250,000, but its 11 daily newspapers had a combined circulation of only 26,500. The Sun closed in 1950 and was briefly revived in the 2000s. In 2022 it came back as an online-only publication.
    (SFEM, 11/8/98, p.12)(http://library.nyu.edu/research/news/historical/nyc.html)(WSJ, 11/7/08, p.A15)(SFC, 2/24/22, p.C2)

1833        Sep 4, Barney Flaherty (10) answered an ad in "The New York Sun" and became the first newsboy, what we now call a paperboy.
    (MC, 9/4/01)

1833        Oct 2, The NY Anti-Slavery Society was organized.
    (MC, 10/2/01)

1833        The NY Mechanics Institute opened to encourage the mechanical arts.
    (Panic, p.8)

1833        The McKesson Corp. began as a drugstore in NYC.
    (SFEC, 5/23/99, p.B1)

1834        Mar 22, Horace Greeley published "New Yorker," a weekly literary and news magazine and forerunner of Harold Ross' more successful "The New Yorker."
    (HN, 3/22/01)

1834        Jun 2, The 5th national black convention met in NYC.
    (SC, 6/2/02)

1834        Jul 4, NYC Mayor Cornelius W. Lawrence presided over the laying of the cornerstone for the Astor House hotel, designed by Isaiah Rogers. Construction took four years and cost around $400,000.
    (http://tinyurl.com/lg8xuna)

1834        Nov 25, Delmonico's, one of NY's finest restaurants, provided a meal of soup, steak, coffee & half a pie for 12 cents.
    (SFEC, 5/18/97, Z1 p.6)

1834        New York and New Jersey made a compact over Ellis Island, then a 3-acre site that held that the surrounding submerged land belonged to New Jersey. By 1998 the island was 27.5 acres due to landfill and its ownership was under contention.
    (SFC, 1/13/98, p.A2)

1834-1888    Currier and Ives lithographs were manufactured in New York and formed a sweeping pictorial record of mid-19th century America. When he first opened his shop, Nathaniel Currier had just finished an apprenticeship in lithography, an 18th-century printing process involving making images from inked stones. When an 1835 fire destroyed much of old New Amsterdam, Currier rushed a lithograph of the disaster into print. Ruins of the Merchant's Exchange, NY (shown above) sold briskly and launched Currier's career in pictorial journalism. In 1852, Currier hired bookkeeper and lithographer James Ives, making him a business partner in 1857. Together the two men built Currier and Ives into the most successful lithography house of their time and left a legacy of more than 7,000 prints that document the humor, political climate, current events and sentiments of mid-19th-century American life.
    (HNPD, 11/15/98)

1835        May 6, The 1st edition of NY Herald was priced at 1 cent. The Herald specialized in crime with an emphasis on murder. James Gordon Bennett was the Scottish-born steward of the Herald. Within a few years of the 1936 Jewett murder case, a coalition of clergymen, financiers and rival editors waged a "Moral War" against Bennett and his newspaper
    (SFEM, 11/8/98, p.12)(SFEM, 8/6/00, p.45)(MC, 5/6/02)

1835        Dec 16, A fire in New York City destroyed property estimated to be worth $20,000,000. Beginning in a store at Pearl and Merchant (Hanover) Streets, it lasted two days, ravaged 17 blocks (52 acres), and destroyed 674 buildings including the Stock Exchange, Merchants' Exchange, Post Office, and the South Dutch Church. 13 acres were scorched. 23 of the city’s 26 fire-insurance companies were forced into bankruptcy.
    (HN, 12/16/98)(WSJ, 9/14/00, p.A24)(WSJ, 9/4/02, p.B1)

1835        Oct 29, In NYC Tammany Hall radicals lit candles with the new self-igniting friction matches, known as loco-focos, and continued to nominate their own ticket and formulate their program. The radical urban wing of the Democratic Party, which emerged in New York in opposition to Andrew Jackson‘s banking policies, thus became known by the nickname Loco-Focos. Also known as Equal Rights men, the Loco-Focos fought those financial interests aided by the regular Democratic Party in applying for bank and corporation charters from the legislature.  They also advocated hard money, elections by direct popular vote, direct taxes, free trade, abolition of monopolies and Jeffersonian strict construction. They got the name Loco-Focos from an incident that occurred at a party primary meeting in Tammany Hall. After party regulars pushed through a ticket over the objections of the Equal Rights men, the radicals refused to vacate the hall. To get them to leave, the party regulars turned out the gas lights.
    (HNQ, 12/17/99)

1835        The New York Sun hired Richard Adams Locke, a Briton, as editor. He soon wrote an anonymous series about a new telescope and observations of the moon that included the mention of vast forests, fields of poppies and lunar animals. Circulation soared to 19,360. In 840 he admitted to writing the moon hoax series. In 2008 Matthew Goodman authored “the Sun and the Moon: The Remarkable True Account of Hoaxers, Showmen, Dueling Journalists, and Lunar Man-Bats in Nineteenth-Century New York.”
    (WSJ, 11/7/08, p.A15)

1836        Apr 9-10, Helen Jewett, a prostitute in a Thomas St. bordello in Manhattan, was murdered. Her boyfriend, Richard P. Robinson (17), a clerk for a local merchant and engaged to a woman of good pedigree, was tried for the murder but acquitted. In 1998 Patricia Cline Cohen published "The Murder of Helen Jewett," an account of the story.
    (WSJ, 8/21/98, p.W6)(SFEM, 11/8/98, p.12)

1836        Jun 1, In NYC the doors of the luxurious Astor House hotel opened to the public. It was a near copy on a grander scale of the earlier, fashionable Trement House in Boston, also designed by Isaiah Rogers.
    (http://tinyurl.com/lg8xuna)

1836        Jun, Richard P. Robinson was found not guilty of the murder of Helen Jewett by a jury after 10 minutes of deliberation.
    (SFEM, 11/8/98, p.12)

1837        Feb 13, There was a riot in NY over the high price of flour.
    (MC, 2/13/02)

1837        May 31, Astor Hotel opened in NYC. It later became the Waldorf-Astoria. John Jacob Astor bought up foreclosed properties during the financial bust. He later sold them for a 10-fold profit.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R43)(MC, 5/31/02)

1838        Apr 22, The English steamship "Sirius" docked in NYC after a record Atlantic crossing.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Riband)

1838        Apr 23, The British steamship "Great Western" arrived in NYC on its maiden voyage  from Bristol, England, just hours after the retrofitted steamship Sirius, which had departed Cork on April 4. The Great Western crossed the Atlantic in a record 15 days and 12 hours.
    (ON, 8/07, p.7)

1838        Oct 24, Joseph Lancaster (b.1778), English educator, was fatally injured by a runaway horsedrawn carriage in NYC.
    (http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/KRO_LAP/LANCASTER_JOSEPH_1778_1838_.html)

1841        Mar 27, The first U.S. steam fire engine was tested in New York City.
    (HN, 3/27/98)

1841        Apr 10, The NY Tribune began publishing under editor Horace Greeley (1811-1872). The abolitionist newspaper editor founded The New York Tribune with support from powerful political friends. Under Greeley's direction, The Tribune took a strong stand against slavery, the South and slave owners in the years leading up to the Civil War. The Tribune and Greeley also crusaded against liquor, gambling, prostitution and capital punishment. One of the founders of the Republican Party, Greeley was also an eccentric who dabbled in many of the fads of his day.
    (HNPD, 2/3/99)(WSJ, 10/26/00, p.W12)(AP, 7/21/98)(MC, 4/10/02)

1841        Nov 16, Life preservers made of cork were patented by Napoleon Guerin in NYC.
    (MC, 11/16/01)

1841-1846    Capt. Robert E. Lee, Army engineer, worked on strengthening the defenses of New York Harbor and Fort Hamilton.
    (AH, 2/06, p.20)

1842        Feb 15, The 1st adhesive postage stamps in US were made available by a private delivery company in NYC.
    (440 Int’l., 2/15/99)

1842        Charles Dickens published his description of the Five Points district of New York City in "American Notes for General Circulation."
    (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.46)

1842        Hugh Hardman established the Hardman Piano Co. in NYC. Leopold Peck joined the company in 1880. The company’s name changed to Hardman, Peck & Co. when Peck became a partner in 1890.
    (SFC, 9/5/07, p.G5)

1843        Oct 13, The Jewish organization B'nai B'rith was founded in New York City.
    (AP, 10/13/97)

1843        The population grew to 350,000 and 16 day policemen kept order.
    (WSJ, 11/3/98, p.A20)

1844        Jun 26, Julia Gardiner and President John Tyler were married in New York City.
    (HN, 6/26/98)

1845        Jan 29, Edgar Allan Poe's poem "The Raven" was first published, in the New York Evening Mirror. [see 1846]
    (AP, 1/29/98)

1845        Mar 26, Joseph Francis patented a corrugated sheet-iron lifeboat in NYC.
    (SS, 3/26/02)

1845        Jul 14, Fire in NYC destroyed 1,000 homes and killed many.
    (MC, 7/14/02)

1845        A real police department was established.
    (WSJ, 11/3/98, p.A20)

1845-1855    Some 1.5 million people left Ireland and many of them made New York City their home. The 2003 film "Gangs of New York" depicted their struggle.
    (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.49)

1846        Jun 19, The New York Knickerbocker Club played the New York Club in the first baseball game at the Elysian Field, Hoboken, New Jersey.
    (HN, 6/19/98)

1846        Jun 27, New York City and Boston were linked by telegraph wires.
    (AP, 6/27/07)

1846        Edgar Allan Poe published his poem "The Raven" in a New York newspaper. [see Jan 29, 1845]
    (SFEM, 1/25/98, p.67)

1846        Grace Church, at Broadway and 10th in NYC, was designed by James Renwick. In 2003 high maintenance costs forced the church to accept commercial billboard advertising.
    (WSJ, 9/12/03, p.W17)
1846        In NYC Holy Communion Episcopal Church was constructed at 6th Ave and 20th St. It was designed by Richard Upjohn of Boston and was the 1st asymmetrical Gothic church in America. It was sold to a drug rehab center in the 1970s and later became the Limelight dance club under Peter Gatien. In 2001 it was closed by federal agents due to heavy drug use.
    (WSJ, 3/22/02, p.W17)
1846        Trinity Church, a Gothic Revival-style building, was constructed at Broadway and Wall St.
    (SFEC, 6/21/98, p.T4)

1846        New York newspapers collaborated to share costs for reporting on the Mexican war. This collaboration led to the formation of the Associated Press in 1848.
    (Econ, 12/19/09, p.143)

1846        Alexander Turney Stewart (d.1876), Irish-born entrepreneur, opened the 1st US dept store in lower Manhattan.
    (www.lowermanhattan.info/history)

1846        NYC abandoned the Lancastrian school system in favor of direct teacher to student instruction in its tax supported schools.
    (ON, 3/06, p.10)

1847        Nov 22, In New York, the Astor Place Opera House, the city's first operatic theater, was opened.
    (HN, 11/22/98)

1847        City College, later known as City Univ. of New York (CUNY) was founded in Harlem.
    (Econ, 1/21/06, p.29)

1848        May, The Associated Press was formed in NYC.
    (www.historybuff.com/library/refap.html)

1848        Jun 10, The 1st telegraph link between NYC & Chicago was established.
    (MC, 6/10/02)

1848        Aug 19, The New York Herald reported the discovery of gold in California.
    (AP, 8/19/97)

1848        In Brooklyn NY Antoine Zegera set up the 1st macaroni factory in the US.
    (SFC, 7/31/99, p.C3)

1848        John Jacob Astor (b.1763), America’s richest man, died. The fur and real estate magnate had a value in 1999 dollars totaled $78 billion. In 2001 Axel Madsen authored "John Jacob Astor: America’s First Multimillionaire.
    (HN, 7/17/98)(WSJ, 1/11/98, p.R18)(SFEC, 5/23/99, Par p.7)(WSJ, 3/2/00, p.W10)

1849        Apr 10, Walter Hunt (1796-1859), a mechanic, patented the safety pin in NYC. He sold rights for $400 to pay off a $15 debt. Hunt’s other inventions included a new stove, paper collar, ice-breaking boat, fountain pen and nail-making machine. In 2016 the safety pin gained prominence in Britain as a sign of solidarity with immigrant and minority populations facing a reported surge in hate crimes after the Brexit vote. The symbolism of the pin extended to the US following the election of Donald Trump.
    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_pin)(SFC, 7/14/99, p.3)(SFC, 4/1/00, p.B4)(AFP, 11/13/16)

1849        May 10, A mob destroyed Astor Place opera house in NYC and 22 people were killed. Edward Z.C. Judson (Ned Buntline) was convicted of leading the riot and was sentenced to a year in prison. In 2007 Nigel Cliff authored “The Shakespeare Riots: Revenge, Drama, and Death in Nineteenth-Century America.”
    (PCh, 1992, p.450)(WSJ, 4/28/07, p.P8)

1849        Jul 22, Emma Lazarus, American poet, was born of Sephardic Jewish parents in NYC. Her poem, "The New Colossus," is inscribed on the base of the Statue of Liberty.
    (HN, 7/22/98)(SFEC, 4/30/00, BR p.2)

1849        The High Bridge was built as an aqueduct to carry water to Manhattan.
    (USAT, 1/16/04, p.10A)
1849        The Pfizer drug company was founded by Charles Pfizer and cousin Charles Erhart in Brooklyn.
    (SFEC, 8/27/00, p.B4)
1849        Rufus Porter, founder and first editor of Scientific American, proposed an aerial locomotive to carry up to 100 passengers from New York to California in three days. He built a 700-foot model but a rowdy crowd destroyed its hydrogen gas bag before it could be launched.
    (SFC, 10/11/14, p.C1)

1850        Jul 19, Margaret Fuller (b.1810), America’s first foreign correspondent, died aboard the Elizabeth, along with her husband and child, as the ship slammed into a sandbar less than 100 yards from Fire Island, NY. In 2012 John Matteson authored “The Lives of Margaret Fuller.”
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Fuller)(SSFC, 1/29/12, p.F4)

1850        George Foster, a reporter for Horace Greeley’s New York Tribune, compiled his reports on the seedy corners of the city in "New York by Gas Light."
    (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.46)

1850        Directors of the Brooklyn released 8 pair of sparrows imported from England. They did not thrive and director Nicolas Pike acquired 50 more pair and released them in Brooklyn’s Greenwood Cemetery 1853.
    (AH, 6/02, p.39)

1850s        The African-American community of Seneca Village was razed to make way for Central Park. The village had 264 frame houses, 3 churches, 2 cemeteries and a school.
    (AM, May/Jun 97 p.62)

1851        Jan 27, John James Audubon (b.1785), wildlife painter and conservationist (Audubon Society), died. He was buried in NYC. In 2004 Duff Hart-Davis authored "Audubon's Elephant," and account of his 12 year sojourn to Europe to oversee the production of "Birds of America." In 2004 William Souder authored “Under a Wild Sky: John James Audubon and the Making of the Birds of America.” In 2004 Richard Rhodes authored “John James Audubon: The Making of an American.”
    (HNQ, 7/15/01)(WSJ, 3/26/04, p.W6)(SSFC, 6/20/04, p.M6)(SSFC, 10/17/04, p.M6)

1851        Aug 12, Isaac Merritt Singer was granted a patent on his lockstitch sewing machine. He formed I.M. Singer & Co. in New York City and soon began selling machines for $100 each. In 4 years he expanded to Scotland becoming the first American int’l. company.
    (AP, 8/12/97)(SSFC, 11/7/10, p.N1)

1851        Sep 18, The first edition of The New York Times was published as the New-York Daily Times. It was founded by Henry J. Raymond, Republican Speaker of the NY State Assembly, and banker George Jones as a conservative counterpoint to Horace Greeley's Tribune.
    (AP, 9/18/97)(SFEM, 1/16/00, p.17)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times)

1851        John Kiehl opened an apothecary at Third Ave. and 13th Street in Manhattan to sell potions, lotions and remedies such as to cure baldness and enhance virility. He also sold a get-rich essence called Money Drawing Oil. In 1999 the firm did some $40 million in business with just freebies and word of mouth advertising.
    (F, 10/7/96, p.76)(WSJ, 12/29/99, p.B1)

1852        Mar 13, A familiar symbol of the United States, Uncle Sam, made his debut as a cartoon character in the New York Lantern.
    (AP, 3/13/97)

1852        J.P. Morgan’s NYC residence was completed on the corner of 37th St. and Madison Ave.
    (WSJ, 6/8/06, p.D8)
1852        Frank Leslie's Weekly, later often known in short as Leslie's Weekly, was founded. The American illustrated literary and news magazine continued publication to 1922.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Leslie%27s_Weekly)

1853        Jul 14, Pres. Franklin Pierce opened the 1st industrial exposition in NY. Some 4,000 exhibitors gathered for a trade show at the New York Crystal Palace (later Bryant Park).
    (WSJ, 9/14/00, p.A24)(MC, 7/14/02)

1853        Heinrich Steinweg founded his piano dynasty in a Manhattan loft on Varick Street three years after arriving to the US from Germany. His story is told in "The Steinway Saga: An American Dynasty" by D.W. Fostle. He later designed a piano with a heavier internal mechanism that needed to be balanced by fatter keys and thus set the standard 48-inch wide keyboard.
    (WSJ, 6/2/95, p.A-9)(WSJ, 11/4/97, p.A1)(Econ, 2/7/15, p.25)

1854          May 30, Vermont native Elisha Graves Otis (1811-1861) unveiled his invention, the safety elevator at the New York World's Fair. Audiences gasped as Otis, riding on the hoist's platform, dramatically ordered the lifting rope cut. Instead of falling, the car locked safely into the elevator shaft. Prior to the 1850s there was no existing market for passenger elevators because there was no safety mechanism in the event of a cable break. In 1852 Otis was a master mechanic working at a bedstead factory in Yonkers, N.Y., when he built a hoisting machine with two sets of metal teeth at the car's sides. If the lifting rope broke, the teeth would lock into place, preventing the car from falling. Otis never realized the potential of his invention. His sons built the Otis Elevator Company, enabling the skylines of cities throughout the world to be transformed with skyscrapers.
    (HNPD, 5/30/99)(ON, 5/05, p.12)

1854        Aug 16, Duncan Phyfe (86), NYC furniture maker, died.
    (MC, 8/16/02)


1854        In NYC teacher Elizabeth Jennings Graham (1827-1901) helped desegregate public transportation. She filed a lawsuit after being thrown off a streetcar that barred black riders. Her case was decided in her favor in 1855, and it led to the eventual desegregation of all New York City transit systems by 1865.
    (SFC, 3/8/19, p.A6)
1854        Stephen Hedges of NYC patented his convertible chair, a half round table hinged to a half round chair.
    (SFC, 7/8/98, Z1 p.3)
1854        A US naval surgeon at the Brooklyn Navy yard perfected the manufacture of ether.
    (Econ 7/15/17, p.26)

1855        May 5, NYC regained Castle Clinton. It would be used for immigration.
    (MC, 5/5/02)

1855        Sep 27, George F. Bristow's "Rip Van Winkle," 2nd American opera, opened in NYC.
    (MC, 9/27/01)

1855        Dr. Philip Cammann of NYC improved the design of the Laennec stethoscope by adding rubber ear pieces and rubber tubing to conduct the sound. [see 1826]
    (ON, 9/00, p.11)

1856-1929    The Children's Aid Society and The New York Foundling Hospital sponsored Orphan Trains that relocated homeless New York children to adoptive homes in the sparsely populated West and Midwest. Needy children were chosen for relocation and if they were not true orphans, a release for placement was obtained from the remaining parent or guardian. The train route was chosen and the children, after being given new clothing, boarded the train accompanied by the society's agent. Advance notice was placed in local newspapers and a screening committee was responsible for matching the orphans with prospective families. When the train arrived, the orphans were displayed in a church or other public building and if an agreeable match was made, the child was left with his or her new family. Those not selected would reboard the train for the next stop. It was up to the agent to keep tabs on adopted children, and if they were not determined to be happy and well-treated, they would be removed and, hopefully, adopted by a new family. While this procedure was risky and many children were placed in abusive situations, Orphan Train sponsors believed that youngsters placed with western families had a better chance than those living on the streets of New York. In the 75 years of the Orphan Trains, between 150,000 and 200,000 children were relocated.
    (HNPD, 12/1/98)

1857        Mar 23, Elisha Otis installed the first modern passenger elevator in the 5-story Haughwout and Co. building at 488 Broadway in New York City.
    (www.theelevatormuseum.org/h/h-2.htm)(ON, 5/05, p.12)

1857        Aug 24, The New York branch of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Co. failed, sparking the Panic of 1857. The sharp but short 1857-58 financial crash in the US was touched off by the failure of the New York branch of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company. Over speculation in real estate and railroad securities fed the panic. Financial crashes spread to Liverpool, Glasgow, Paris, Hamburg, Copenhagen and Vienna.
    (AP, 8/24/07)(WSJ, 9/28/95c, p.A-18)(Econ, 4/12/14, p.51)

1857        Oct 6, The American Chess Association organized. The 1st major US chess tournament was held in NYC. [see Oct 10]
    (MC, 10/6/01)

1857        Oct 10, The American Chess Association formed (NYC). [see Oct 6]
    (MC, 10/10/01)

1857        Dec 8, 1st production of Dion Boucicault's "Poor of NY."
    (MC, 12/8/01)

1857        Landscape architect Frederick Law Olmstead and architect Calvert Vaux won the competition to develop NYC's Central Park.
    (SFEC, 6/21/98, p.T5)(NG, 5/93, p.9)(SFC, 4/5/04, p.B5)
1857        Seneca Village in New York City, a refuge for African Americans, was razed to make way for Central Park.
    (https://timeline.com/black-village-destroyed-central-park-6356723113fa)

1857        The state’s Republican governor created a rival police force in NYC to undercut the criminally affiliated Democratic Mayor, Fernando Wood. The court ruled in favor of the governor.
    (WSJ, 8/2100, p.A14)

1957        The New York Currier & Ives partnership was formed.
    (WSJ, 12/19/00, p.A19)

1858        Apr 28, NYC commissioners approved the “Greensward” plan for Central Park. Frederick Law Olmstead (1822-1903), the recently selected park superintendent, and landscape architect Calvert Vaux won a design competition to improve and expand the park. Olmstead and Vaux brought in George Waring, an expert on farm drainage, who raised low lying areas and installed a network of underground pipes to ensure that the grass would drain freely. The park had first opened in 1857, on 770 acres of city owned land. Construction began in 1858 and was completed in 1873. The initial budget for the new park was $1.5 million.
    (ON, 6/10, p.6)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted)(Econ, 4/25/20, p.79)

1858        Jul 20, An admission of 50 cents was charged for the first time at the All Star baseball game between New York and Brooklyn.
    (WSJ, 10/15/98, p.B8)

1858         Aug 23, "Ten Nights in a Bar-room," a play about the tragic consequences of consuming alcohol, opened in New York.
    (AP, 8/23/08)

1858        Oct 18, The play "Our American Cousin" by Tom Taylor premiered at Laura Keene's theater in New York.
    (AP, 10/18/08)

1858        Oct 27, Theodore Roosevelt, 26th president of the United States who was the namesake of the "Teddy" bear, was born in New York City in a townhouse at 28 East 20th Street. Today a reconstruction of the house is a National Historic Site and open to the public. The 26th president of the U.S., Roosevelt died on January 6, 1919. He wrote the 4-volume "The Winning of the West."
    (AP, 10/27/97)(WSJ, 12/18/97, p.A20)(HN, 10/27/98)(HNQ, 11/18/98)

1858        Oct 28, Rowland Hussey Macy opened his first New York store at Sixth Avenue and 14th Street in Manhattan.
    (AP, 10/28/08)(SFC, 6/1/04, p.A1)

1858        Nov 9, NY Symphony Orchestra made its 1st performance.
    (MC, 11/9/01)

1858        Archbishop John Hughes laid the cornerstone of St. Patrick’s Cathedral on Fifth Ave.
    (WSJ, 3/15/02, p.W15)

1859        Nov 23, Billy the Kid (born as Henry McCarty), was born as William H. Bonney (d.1881) in New York City. He later became a US outlaw. A ballet titled "Billy the Kid" by Aaron Copland was written in 1938.
    (HFA, ‘96, p.42)(WUD, 1994, p.148)(MesWP)(HNQ, 7/9/01)

1859        Dec 5, Dion Boucicault's "Octaroon," premiered in NYC.
    (MC, 12/5/01)

1859-1903    Martin and Henry Schrenkeisen manufactured rockers and other chairs in NYC.
    (SFC, 7/20/05, p.G4)

1860        Feb 27, Abraham Lincoln spoke at the Great Hall of Cooper Union College in NYC: “Let us have faith that right makes might, and in that faith, let us, to the end, dare to do our duty as we understand it.”
    (SSFC, 8/15/04, p.D11)

1860        Mar 11, Thomas Hastings, architect of the New York Public Library, was born.
    (HN, 3/11/98)

1861        Jan 6, NYC mayor proposed that it become a free city to continue trading with the North & South.
    (MC, 1/6/02)

1861        Feb 19, Pres.-elect Lincoln traveled through NYC on his way to Washington.
    (WSJ, 2/12/04, p.D12)

1861        John Kellum started work on the Tweed Courthouse, the NYC County Courthouse, on a site that had been an almshouse from 1797. Leopold Eidlitz took over the job in 1871.
    (Arch, 7/02, p.24)

1861        Zouave units, including the 11th New York, fought at the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas). The 11th New York Zouaves was primarily composed of firemen. Volunteer Zouave units, based on the highly disciplined French army units that were in turn based on Algerian units, were very popular in the years before the American Civil War.
    (HNQ, 8/1/01)

1862        Feb 25, The ironclad Monitor was commissioned at the Brooklyn Navy Yard.
    (HN, 2/25/98)

1862        Mar 8, Nat Gordon, last pirate, was hanged in NYC for stealing 1,000 slaves.
    (MC, 3/8/02)

1862        In NYC St. Peter’s Evangelical Lutheran Church was founded at Lexington and 54th.
    (WSJ, 4/27/05, p.D10)

1863        Mar 3, President Abraham Lincoln signed the conscription act compelling U.S. citizens to report for duty in the Civil War or pay $300.00. 86,724 men paid the exemption cost to avoid service. The inequality of this arrangement led to draft riots in New York.
    (HN, 3/3/99)(HNQ, 10/18/00)

1863        Apr 13, Hospital for Ruptured and Crippled in NY became the 1st orthopedic hospital.
    (MC, 4/13/02)

1863        Jul 13, Rioting against the Civil War military draft erupted in New York City; about 1,000 people died over three days. Antiabolitionist Irish longshoremen rampaged against blacks in the deadly Draft Riots in New York City in response to Pres. Lincoln’s announcement of military conscription. Mobs lynched a black man and torched the Colored Orphan Asylum. The 2003 film "Gangs of New York" focused on this event. In 2006 Barnet Schecter authored “The Devil’s Own Work,” an account of the riots. The NY Times borrowed three Gatling guns from the army to protect its head office.
    (WSJ, 3/19/96, p.A-12)(AP, 7/13/97)(HN, 7/13/98)(WSJ, 8/2100, p.A14)(WSJ, 1/18/06, p.D13)(Econ, 9/2/17, p.28)

1863        Oct 1, 5 Russian warships were welcomed in NYC.
    (MC, 10/1/01)

1863        Oct 6, The world’s "first Turkish Bath" opened in Brooklyn.
    (SFEC, 11/5/00, pen 2)

1864        Jan 3, John Joseph Hughes (b.1797), Irish-born Archbishop of the Catholic diocese of NY, died.
    (WSJ, 12/5/08, p.A19)(www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/John-Joseph-Hughes)

1864        Jan 13, Composer Stephen Foster died in a New York City hospital.
    (AP, 1/13/98)

1864        Nov 15, 1st US mines school opened in the basement of Columbia University, NY.
    (MC, 11/15/01)

1864        Nov 25, A Confederate plot to burn NYC failed.
    (MC, 11/25/01)

1864        In New York City Mary Ann Crabtree booked her daughter Lotta (17) in the play "Little Nell and the Marchioness." It was a smash success. Lotta Crabtree went on to star in a succession of stage musicals and became the wealthiest performer in the country.
    (SFC, 12/12/20, p.B4)

1865        Jan 4, The New York Stock Exchange opened its first permanent headquarters at 10-12 Broad Street near Wall Street in NYC. The Corinthian-style structure would serve the Exchange until 1903 when more spacious quarters opened at 18 Broad Street.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R43)(http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jan04.html)

1865        Jul 13, Horace Greeley advised his readers to "Go west young man."
    (MC, 7/13/02)

1865        The first known baseball card depicts the Brooklyn Atlantics in a team portrait.
    (SFEC, 8/17/97, Par p.2)

1865        Benjamin Altman founded B. Altman & Co., a big department store at Fifth Avenue and 34th Street in NYC. It expanded to a chain of stores but filed for bankruptcy in 1989.
    (SFC, 6/11/08, p.G3)

1865        A storm destroyed the celebrated buttonwood tree where merchants first traded stock.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R43)

1866        Feb 26, New York Legislature established the NYC Metropolitan Board of Health.
    (SC, 2/26/02)

1866        Sep 12, The first burlesque show opened in New York City (NYC). The show was a four act performance called "The Black Crow", running for 475 performances and made a reported $1.3 million for its producers.
    (MC, 9/12/01)

1866        Sep 25, (Leonard W) Jerome Park opened in Bronx for horse racing.
    (MC, 9/25/01)

1867        Jul 2, The 1st US elevated railroad began service in NYC.
    (SC, 7/2/02)

1867        Dec 2, People waited in mile-long lines to hear Charles Dickens give his first reading in New York City.
    (HN, 12/2/00)

c1867        In NYC restaurateur and entrepreneur Charles Feltman, who owned a pie wagon at Coney, was looking for something simple he could prepare and serve in a confined space. He hit on the idea of putting a hot sausage in a hard roll. Another version puts Feltman in his German restaurant, Feltman's Ocean Pavilion, when at some point a sausage ended up between two slices of bread. Feltman called it a frankfurter, and cartoonists labeled it a "hot dog."
    (HNQ, 7/10/01)

1867        The New York Bridge Co. hired John Roebling and his son Washington to build a suspension bridge across the East River between Manhattan and Brooklyn
    (ON, 4/01, p.9)

1867         James McCreery (1826-1903) opened a silk retailing operation in NYC. Within 3 years he bought a large building on Broadway and expanded with more departments. McCreery’s close in 1953.
    (SFC, 9/5/07, p.G5)

1868        Feb 16, The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks (B.P.O.E.) was organized in New York City by members of the theatrical profession. Later, men in other professions were permitted to join the social organization. The letters E.L.K. are repeated in the titles of some of its officers, such as Esteemed Leading Knight and Esteemed Loyal Knight..
    (AP, 2/16/98)(HNQ, 10/15/99)

1868        Sep 8, The NY Athletic Club formed.
    (MC, 9/8/01)

1868        Oct 22, Jacques Offenbach's opera "Genevieve de Brabant," premiered in NYC.
    (MC, 10/22/01)

1868        Susan B. Anthony, the suffrage leader, put out the first issue of "The Revolution" in New York City.
    (HN, 11/5/98)

1869        Apr 8, American Museum of Natural History opened in NYC.
    (MC, 4/8/02)

1869        May 15, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton formed the National Woman Suffrage Association in NYC.
    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Woman_Suffrage_Association)

1869        Jul, John Augustus Roebling, inventor of the steel wire cable and designer of the Brooklyn Bridge, was killed in a construction accident at the outset of construction of the Brooklyn Bridge. Roebling died of a tetanus infection from a foot injury. He had earlier completed the first suspension bridge over the Niagara gorge linking the US and Canada. His son and partner, Washington A. Roebling, supervised the Brooklyn Bridge to its completion in spite of a debilitating illness.
    (HFA, '96, p.30)(AP, 5/24/97)(HNPD, 5/23/99)(WSJ, 6/10/99, p.A24)(ON, 4/01, p.9)

1869        Dec 14, Nathan Meeker, agricultural editor of the New York Tribune, wrote a column appealing to readers of high moral character to join him in building a utopian community by the South Platte River near the foot of the Rocky Mountains. He selected 700 of some 3000 applicants and founded Greeley, Colo., named after his publisher Horace Greeley.
    (Sm, 2/06, p.99)

1869        An elevator was installed in the Equitable Life Assurance Building, under construction in NYC.
    (WSJ, 10/17/01, p.A24)

1869        In NYC Hart Island became the city’s graveyard. The island had also been used as a Union training camp, a Confederate prison, a yellow-fever quarantine, a lunatic asylum, a workhouse for aged inmates, a prison for WW II German soldiers, an antiaircraft missile base, a rehab center for the homeless and drug addicts, and a driving school for chronic traffic offenders.
    (WSJ, 8/26/98, p.10)

1869        Marcus Goldman, son of a German peasant, began to broker credit to diamond and leather merchants near Wall Street. He later offered a partnership to his son-in-law Sam Sachs. In 1999 Lisa Endlich published "Goldman Sachs: The Culture of Success." In 2008 Charles D. Ellis authored ”The Partnership: The Making of Goldman Sachs.”
    (WSJ, 2/23/99, p.A20)(WSJ, 10/1/08, p.A23)

1869        Henry J. Raymond, founder of the New-York Daily Times, died of a heart attack in the apartment of his lover, actress Rose Eytinge.
    (SFEM, 1/16/00, p.17)

1870        Jan 3, Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge began.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge)

1870        Feb 26, New York City's first pneumatic-powered subway line was opened to the public. The tunnel was only a block long, and the line had only one car.
    (AP, 2/26/07)

1870        Apr 13, The Metropolitan Museum of Art was incorporated in New York. The museum opened in 1872.
    (AP, 4/13/08)

1870        Sep 20, Mayor William Tweed was accused of robbing the NY treasury.
    (MC, 9/20/01)

1870        The Equitable Life Assurance Building was completed at 120 Broadway in New York City, NY. At 130 feet (40 m), it is considered by some the world's first skyscraper and was the first office building to feature passenger elevators.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equitable_Life_Building_%28New_York_City%29)

1870        William Marcy Tweed (Boss Tweed) regained control of the city police from the state.
    (WSJ, 8/2100, p.A16)

1870         US Secret Service headquarters relocated to New York City.
    (http://www.ustreas.gov/usss/history.shtml)

1870        Federal census data of the southern end of Mulberry St. in New York City showed 39 Italian men employed as organ grinders.
    (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.49)

1870        Charles Adams of New York began manufacturing his chewing gum "Charles Adams Gum No 1" in a Manhattan warehouse.
    (SFC, 1/13/98, p.A19)

1870        Frederick August Otto Schwartz (FAO Schwartz) opened up his 1st NYC store on Broadway called Schwartz Toy Bazaar.
    (WSJ, 11/21/03, p.B1)

1870-1930    Jeffrey S. Gurock later authored "When Harlem Was Jewish, 1870-1930."
    (SFC, 6/10/02, p.D5)

1871        Oct 27, Boss Tweed (William Macy Tweed), Democratic leader of Tammany Hall, was indicted on charges of fraud and grand larceny after NY Times exposed his corruption. The conviction were overturned but civil charges sent him to prison.
    (MC, 10/27/01)(Arch, 7/02, p.24)

1871        Nov 21, Moses F. Gale patented a cigar lighter in NYC.
    (MC, 11/21/01)

1871        Nov 24, The National Rifle Association was incorporated in NYC, and its first president named: Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside.
    (AP, 11/24/97)(MC, 11/24/01)

1871        Dec 19, Albert L. Jones patented corrugated paper in NYC.
    (MC, 12/19/01)

1871        In NYC the Black Laborer’s Union and the Fenian O’Donovan Rossa paraded up Baxter St. to fight for the 8-hour day.
    (SFC, 7/29/98, p.A19)

1872        Feb 20, Metropolitan Museum of Art, incorporated in 1870, opened in NYC.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art)

1872        Oct 3, Bloomingdale's department store opened in NYC.
    (MC, 10/3/01)

1872        Nov 29, Horace Greeley, founder of the New York Tribune, died. The daily paper reflected much of the morality of his New England upbringing and he partnered a high standard of news gathering with printed arguments and urges against drinking, gambling, capital punishment and—increasingly in the 1850s—slavery. The slavery issue and his lifelong desire for high political office led him away from his political party, the Whigs, and to the newly emerging Republican Party. He usually sided with the radical wing of the Republicans, advocating early emancipation of slaves. Still unsuccessful in state and national bids, he eventually joined a group of Republican dissenters who formed the Liberal Republican Party to oppose Grant. While he received almost 44% of the popular vote, he received only 18% of the electoral vote, which were cast for other candidates due to his death.
    (HNQ, 11/3/00)

1872        Dec 26, The 4th largest snowfall in NYC history reached 18 inches.
    (MC, 12/26/01)

1872        Luigi Palma di Cesnola made his first sale of Cypriot artifacts to the NY Metropolitan Museum of Art.
    (AM, 7/00, p.62)

1872        The Butter and Cheese Exchange opened in NYC. It later became known as the New York Mercantile Exchange (Nymex).
    (WSJ, 9/28/05, p.C3)

1873        Sep 20, A financial panic hit the NY Stock Exchange when the high-flying bond dealer, Jay Cooke, granted too many loans to the railroads. Panic spread to Europe as London and Paris markets crashed and the New York Stock Exchange closed for the first time for 10 days. The economy went into a 6 year depression. Philadelphia banker and newspaperman Anthony Drexel teamed up with J.P. Morgan to depose a rival bank run by Jay Cooke. They published allegations to undermine confidence and cause a run that led to a panic.
    (WSJ, 2/27/95, p.A-10)(WSJ, 7/8/96, p.C1)(WSJ, 10/7/98, p.A22)(SSFC, 7/14/02, p.G2)

1873        Oct 20, The P.T. Barnum Hippodrome featuring the "Greatest Show on Earth," opened in NYC.
    (MC, 10/20/01)

1873        Oct 30, P.T. Barnum's circus, "Greatest Show on Earth," debuted in NYC.
    (MC, 10/30/01)

1873        In NYC a long brick building, 9½ feet by 42 feet, was built on Bedford Street in Greenwich Village on land used as an alley. Poet Edna St. Vincent Millay later lived there, as did anthropologist Margaret Mead. It was dubbed NYC’s skinniest house and in 2010 sold for $2.1 million.
    (SFC, 1/14/10, p.A4)

1874        Jan 13, Battle between jobless and police in NYC left 100s injured.
    (MC, 1/13/02)

1874        Mar 22, Young Men's Hebrew Association was organized in NYC.
    (MC, 3/22/02)

1874        Nov 18, Clarence Day, American writer, was born in NYC. His work included "Life with Father."
    (HN, 11/18/00)(MC, 11/18/01)

1874        Nov 19, William Marcy "Boss" Tweed of Tammany Hall (NYC) was convicted of defrauding city of $6M and sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment.
    (MC, 11/19/01)

1874        Jan 1, New York City annexed the Bronx.
    (MC, 1/1/02)

1874        The play "The Two Orphans" opened in NYC and starred Kate Claxton as the blind girl named Louise.
    (SFC, 4/21/99, Z1 p.6)

1875        Mar 15, John McCloskey, Roman Catholic archbishop of New York, was named the first American cardinal by Pope Pius IX.
    (AP, 3/15/97)

1875        Sep 11, 1st newspaper cartoon strip, "Professor Tigwissel’s Burglar Alarm" appeared in the New York "Daily Graphics" newspaper.
    (MC, 9/11/01)

1875        Dec 4, William Marcy Tweed (d.1878), the "Boss" of New York City's Tammany Hall political organization, escaped from jail and fled the country. He went to Cuba and then Spain were he was identified from cartoons by Thomas Nast and returned to prison.
    (AP, 12/4/97)(Arch, 7/02, p.24)

1875        In NYC the Butter and Cheese Exchange, later known as the New York Mercantile Exchange (Nymex), was renamed to the American Exchange of New York.
    (WSJ, 9/28/05, p.C3)

1875        Jacob Bulova opened a jewelry shop in the financial district of NYC. It grew to become the Bulova Watch Co. In  1979 it was purchased by the Loews Corp. and taken private.
    (WSJ, 1/7/07, p.A4)

1876        Jun 22, Nathanael Herreshoff (1848-1938) sailed his revolutionary catamaran, Amaryllis, to victory in the New York’s Second Centennial Regatta.
    (http://tinyurl.com/lff9e68)(SFC, 9/6/13, p.A12)

1876        Jul 4, Batholdi visited Bedloe Island, future home of his Statue of Liberty.
    (Maggio, 98)

1876        Sep 24, Mary Newton (2), the daughter of US Army Engineer Lt. Col. John Newton, triggered a huge blast to clear rocks in the Hell Gate channel of the East River. Newton had been authorized to begin work to deepen the channel in 1867.
    (ON, 2/08, p.8)

1876        Dec 5, In NYC a fire in the Brooklyn Theater killed 278 people.
    (WSJ, 9/13/01, p.B11)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Claxton)

1876        E.H. Harriman founded the Tompkins Square Boys club in new York's Lower East Side.
    (WSJ, 3/21/00, p.A24)

1877        Jan 4, Cornelius Vanderbilt (b.1794), US financier, railroad and shipping magnate, robber baron, died in Manhattan. His estate at $105 million was worth more than all the money in the US Treasury. His value in 2007 dollars would be $143 billion. In 2007 Edward J. Renehan Jr. authored “Commodore: The Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt.” In 2009 T.J. Stiles authored “The first Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt.”
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt)(SFC, 5/30/98, p.E4)(WSJ, 12/19/07, p.D9)(SSFC, 4/26/09, Books p.1)

1878        Jan 16, Harry Carey Sr., actor (Aces Wild, Border Cafe, Air Force), was born in Bronx, NY.
    (MC, 1/16/02)

1878        Apr 12, William M "Boss" Tweed, NYC politician, died in prison.
    (MC, 4/12/02)(Arch, 7/02, p.24)

1878        In NYC St. Patrick's Cathedral was built. Work began in 1858 but was halted during the Civil War and resumed in 1865. The cathedral was completed in 1878 and dedicated on May 25, 1879.
    (http://tinyurl.com/l8oh9ez)(AP, 4/18/19)
1878        The first American badminton club was formed in NYC. Its charter limited play to men and "good-looking single women."
    (SFC, 7/3/99, p.B3)
1878        Joseph P. McHugh (1854-1916) opened his furnishings business, the Popular Shop, in NYC. In 1884 it moved to 42nd Street.
    (SFC, 1/2/08, p.G3)

1879        Feb 12, 1st artificial ice rink in North America was at Madison Square Garden, NYC. [see May 31]
    (MC, 2/12/02)

1879        May 30, Gilmore Garden in NYC was renamed Madison Square Garden.
    (MC, 5/30/02)

1879        May 31, New York's Madison Square Garden opened its doors.
    (HN, 5/31/98)

1879        Jun 16, Gilbert & Sullivan's "HMS Pinafore" debuted at Bowery Theater in NYC.
    (MC, 6/16/02)

1879        Dec 31, Gilbert and Sullivan's "Pirates of Penzance," premiered in NYC.
    (MC, 12/31/01)

1879        Gen. Luigi Palma di Cesnola became the director of the NY Metropolitan Museum of Art. He had served as the American Consul in Lanarca, Cyprus, (1865-1876) where he collected antiquities and later sold them to the museum.
    (WSJ, 4/10/00, p.A44)

1879        The Washington Square United Methodist Church was built in NYC. In 2004 the congregation dropped to 60 and it was put up for sale asking $13 million.
    (WSJ, 12/29/04, p.B6)

1880        Mar, In NYC the Metropolitan Museum opened its new building on Fifth Ave. Its crown jewel was the Cesnola collection of antiquities of Cypriot artifacts collected by Luigi Palma de Cesnola. Cesnola was named the first director.
    (AM, 7/97, p.68)

1880        Nov 8, Sarah Bernhardt, French actress, made her US debut at NY's Booth Theater.
    (MC, 11/8/01)

1880        Dec 20, NY's Broadway was lit by electricity. It later became known as "Great White Way."
    (MC, 12/20/01)

1880        Thomas Moran painted "Lower Manhattan From Communipaw, New Jersey."
    (SFC,10/15/97, p.D3)

1880        Henry James, American writer, authored his novel “Washington Square,” in which he depicts the insular world of his NYC childhood.
    (WSJ, 4/19/08, p.W8)

1880        In NYC the American Exchange of New York, later known as the New York Mercantile Exchange (Nymex), was renamed as the Butter, Cheese and Egg Exchange of New York.
    (WSJ, 9/28/05, p.C3)

1881        Jan 22, Ancient Egyptian obelisk, "Cleopatra's Needle," was erected in Central Park.
    (MC, 1/22/02)

1881        Mar 16, Barnum & Bailey Circus debuted. [see Mar 18]
    (MC, 3/16/02)

1881        Mar 18, Barnum and Bailey's Greatest Show on Earth opened in Madison Square Gardens. [see Mar 16]
    (HN, 3/18/98)

1881        Aug, The Edison Electric Illumination Co. began building its 1st DC generating plant in Manhattan. The station was completed in September of 1882.
    (ON, 10/04, p.5)

1881        The NYC County Courthouse was completed. It was declared a NYC landmark in 1984.
    (Arch, 7/02, p.25)
1881        The New York Times predicted that “China cannot borrow our learning, our science, and our material forms of industry without importing with them the virus of political rebellion.”
    (Econ, 12/3/16, p.72)

1882        Jan 30, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States, was born in Hyde Park, N.Y. He led the country out of the Great Depression and through most of World War II.
    (AP, 1/30/98)(HN, 1/30/99)

1882        Mar 3, New York Steam Corp began distributing steam to Manhattan buildings.
    (SC, 3/3/02)

1882        Mar 25, 1st demonstration of pancake making was in a NYC Dept store.
    (MC, 3/25/02)

1882        Jun 6, An electric iron was patented by Henry W. Seely in NYC.
    (MC, 6/6/02)

1882        Sep 4, Thomas Edison displayed the first practical electrical lighting system. He successfully turned on the lights in a one square mile area of New York City with the world’s 1st electricity generating plant.
    (MC, 9/4/01)(WSJ, 9/17/01, p.R6)

1882        Sep 5, The first Labor Day observance--a picnic and parade--was held in New York City. Matthew Maguire, a machinist and secretary of the New York City Central Labor Union, probably first suggested the celebration in 1882 to recognize the contributions of workers to America. Parades like the one in Buffalo, New York, around 1900, soon became an important part of Labor Day festivities. Matthew Maguire, a machinist and secretary of the New York City Central Labor Union, probably first suggested the celebration in 1882 to recognize the contributions of workers to America. Local and regional Labor Day observances spread across the nation until, on June 28, 1894, the U.S. Congress passed an act making the first Monday in September a legal holiday.
    (AP, 9/5/97)(HNPD, 9/5/98)(HNQ, 9/7/98)

1882        Dec 11, Fiorella H. La Guardia (d.1947), mayor of New York City, 1934-1945, was born.
    (AP, 1/8/98)(WSJ, 12/9/98, p.A20)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia)

1882        Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), English philosopher, culminated his visit to the US with a dinner a Delmonico’s in NYC, at which mostly Republican men of science, religion, business and government participated. In 2008 Barry Werth authored “Banquet at Delmonico’s: Great Minds, the Gilded Age, and the Triumph of Evolution in America.”
    (WSJ, 1/9/09, p.A11)

1882        Edison Electric installed a power grid in Manhattan that wrecked telephone reception.
    (SFEM, 1/11/98, p.13)

1883        Mar 24, Long-distance telephone service was inaugurated between Chicago and New York. [see Mar 27, 1884]    
    (AP, 3/23/97)

1883        May 24, The Brooklyn Bridge, hailed as the "eighth wonder of the world," was dedicated by President Chester Arthur and New York Gov. Grover Cleveland, and officially opened to traffic. The suspension bridge linking the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn became a symbol of America's progress and ingenuity. The bridge has a span of 1,595 feet with 16-inch steel wire suspension cables fastened to Gothic-style arches 276 feet tall. Civil engineer John Augustus Roebling, inventor of the steel wire cable and designer of the bridge, was killed in a construction accident at the outset of construction in 1869. His son and partner, Washington A. Roebling, supervised the project to its completion in spite of a debilitating illness. 20 men died during construction and many suffered from caisson disease, later known as the bends, while working in pressurized air chambers under the river. In 2017 Erica Wagner authored “chief Engineer: Washington Roebling, the Man Who Built the Brooklyn Bridge.”
    (HNPD, 5/23/99)(ON, 4/01, p.9)(AP, 5/24/08)(Econ 7/1/17, p.75)

1883        May 30, 12 people were trampled to death in New York City when a rumor that the recently opened Brooklyn Bridge was in danger of collapsing triggered a stampede.
    (AP, 5/30/97)

1883        Jun 16, The New York Gothams admitted both escorted and unescorted ladies to the baseball park free in the 1st ladies’ day game against the Cleveland Spiders. NY won, 5-2. The club was founded by farming magnate John B. Day and manager Jim Mutrie. The franchise name was reportedly changed to the NY Giants in 1885.
    (HNQ, 12/21/01)(AP, 6/16/03)(SSFC, 3/30/14, p.L7)

1883        Oct 22, The original Metropolitan Opera House in New York held its grand opening with a performance of Gounod's "Faust."
    (AP, 10/22/01)

1883        Nov 13, J. Marion Sims (b.1883), American physician and a pioneer in the field of surgery, died in NYC. He known as the "father of modern gynecology" for work to develop a surgical technique for the repair of vesicovaginal fistula, a severe complication of obstructed childbirth. Sims used enslaved black women, unanesthetized, as experimental subjects in the development of this surgical breakthrough. In 2018 a statue of Sims in Central Park was removed and relocated to Brooklyn's Greenwood Cemetery.
    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Marion_Sims)(AP, 4/18/18)

1883        Oscar Wilde’s first play, “Vera,” flopped in NYC. It was inspired by the 1878 shooting of a repressive general of the Russian Czar by revolutionary Vera Zasulich.
    (SFC, 9/24/08, p.E1)
1883        Joseph Pulitzer assumed command of the New York World newspaper with a circulation of 15,000. 4 years later it increased to 350,000. Pulitzer purchased the paper from financier Jay Gould.
    (SFEM, 11/8/98, p.14,16)(HNQ, 1/29/02)
1883        Benjamin Moore and his brother Robert opened their Moore Brothers paint company in Brooklyn, New York. In 2000 the Benjamin-Moore company was acquired by Berkshire-Hathaway.
    (Econ, 4/26/14, p.75)(http://tinyurl.com/krygbda)

1884        Mar 27, The first long-distance telephone call was made, between Boston and New York City. [see Mar 24, 1883]
    (AP, 3/27/97)(HN, 3/27/98)

1884        Apr 21, Potters Field reopened as Madison Square Park in NYC.
    (MC, 4/21/02)

1884        Jun 10, William E. Eldred of Brooklyn, NY, was granted a US patent for a new way to open and close the legs of a folding table.
    (SFC, 1/30/08, p.G4)

1884        Jun 16, America's 1st roller coaster began operating at Coney Island, NYC. It hit a top speed of 6 mph.
    (MC, 6/16/02)(Econ, 6/28/03, p.30)

1884        Jul 3, The 1st Dow Jones average included 11 stocks: Chicago & North Western, Union Pacific Delaware, Lackawanna & Western, Missouri Pacific, Lake Shore, Louisville & Nashville, New York Central, Pacific Mail, St. Paul, Western Union, and Northern Pacific preferred.
    (SFC, 2/2/06, p.A13)(www.cftech.com/BrainBank/FINANCE/DowJonesAvgsHist.html)

1884        Aug 5, The cornerstone for the Statue of Liberty was laid on Bedloe's Island in New York Harbor.
    (THC, 4/10/97)(AP, 8/5/97)

1884        The New-York Daily Times refused to support James G. Blaine and endorsed Democrat Grover Cleveland.
    (SFEM, 1/16/00, p.18)

1884        A large part of the Cesnola collection of Cypriot antiquities of the Metropolitan Museum was sold to Gov. Leland Stanford of California.
    (AM, 7/97, p.68)

1885        Jan 27, Jerome Kern, Broadway composer (Showboat, Roberta), was born in NYC.
    (MC, 1/27/02)

1885        Mar 20, Yiddish theater opened in NY with Goldfaden operetta.
    (MC, 3/20/02)

1885        May 19, “Professor” Robert Emmet Odlum of Washington, D.C., a well named swimming instructor and author of pamphlets on diving, jumped from Brooklyn bridge. He entered the water feet first (as was the accepted diving position at the time) and shattered every bone in his frame from heel to skull. He was pulled from the river unconscious and died a half hour later.
    (http://thepublici.blogspot.com/)

1885        Jun 17, The French naval ship Isere arrived in NYC with a cargo of wooden crates containing the pieces of the Statue of Liberty.
    (AP, 6/17/97)(ON, 4/03, p.3)

1885        Aug 11, Joseph Pulitzer’s NY World announced that $100,000 was raised in US for a pedestal for the Statue of Liberty.
    (ON, 4/03, p.3)

1885        Sep 4, The 1st cafeteria opened (NYC).
    (MC, 9/4/01)

1885        Oct 10, Mary Newton (12), the daughter of US Army Engineer under Lt. Col. John Newton (1823-1895) triggered a 2nd huge blast to clear Flood Rock in the Hell Gate channel of the East River. Mill Rock Island was formed by joining two rocks with debris from the demolition. The Flood Rock detonation held the record as the largest deliberately planned explosion until the Trinity atomic blast in 1945.
    (ON, 2/08, p.10)

1886        Mar 14, The SS Oregon collided with an unidentified schooner and sank eight hours later only a few hours from her scheduled arrival in New York City. One person was drowned during evacuation efforts. It had sailed from Liverpool on 6 March 1886 with 852 people on board, 647 passengers and a crew of 205, along with 1,835 tons of cargo and 598 bags of mail, under the command of Captain Phillip Cottier. In 2019 a bottle of ale from the ship was used to develop a new brew.
    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Oregon_(1883))

1886        Jun 11, David Steinman, bridge designer (Hudson, Triborough), was born in NYC.
    (SC, 6/11/02)

1886        Jul 23, New York saloonkeeper Steve Brodie claimed to have made a daredevil plunge from the Brooklyn Bridge into the East River. However, few historians believe the jump actually occurred
    (AP, 7/23/07)

1886        Oct 28, The Statue of Liberty on Liberty Island, formerly Bedloe's Island, in New York Harbor, a gift from the people of France, was dedicated by President Cleveland. It was designed by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and originally named Liberty Enlightening the World. It was erected at the entrance of New York harbor as a symbol of freedom to welcome immigrants and others from around the world and became a monument to republicanism and to the amity between the French and American nations. The 225-ton statue arrived in 214 packing cases in June 1885 and was assembled on an American-built pedestal, the money for which was largely raised by Joseph Pulitzer. Lady Liberty, holding up her torch at the entrance of the harbor, remains one of America's most recognized monuments. Later the poem "New Colossus" by Emma Lazarus was placed at the base. The island was renamed by Pres. Eisenhower.
    (WUD, 1994, p.1389)(WSJ, 7/26/96, p.A9)(THC, 4/10/97)(AP, 10/28/97) (HNPD, 10/28/98)(HN, 10/28/98)(MC, 10/28/01)

1886        The 1952 film "Park Row" was directed by Sam Fuller. It was about 2 newspaper owners in New York in 1886.
    (SFC,12/5/97, p.C12)

1886        Bloomingdale's department store in NYC moved to 59th and Lexington Ave.
    (SSFC, 9/24/06, p.D2)

1886        Robert J. Horner opened a furniture shop on West 23rd Street in NYC. In 1914-15 the business merged with a furniture company owned by George C. Flint and became Flint & Horner, which grew into a large retail store.
    (SFC, 1/16/08, p.G4)

1887        Feb 21, The 1st US bacteriology laboratory opened in Brooklyn.
    (MC, 2/21/02)

1887        Mar 22, Chico Marx, [Leonard Martin], comedian (Marx Brothers), was born in NYC.
    (MC, 3/22/02)

1887        Aug 21, Mighty (Dan) Casey Struck-out in a game with the NY Giants.
    (SC, 8/21/02)

1887        Sep 25, Elizabeth Cochran (1864-1922), under the pen name of Nellie Bly, managed to get herself sent to the New York Women’s Lunatic Asylum on Blackwell’s Island to do an undercover story of conditions there. She spent 10 days there a lawyer from the New York World obtained her release. Her 2-part story for the recounted her experiences and led to changes at the asylum.
    (ON, 6/20/11, p.12)

1887        Nov 19, Emma Lazarus (38), US poet ("Give us your tired & poor"), died in NYC.
    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Lazarus)

1888        Mar 14, A blizzard left snow drifts as high as 40 feet in NYC and forced the NYSE to close for two consecutive days. Hundreds of people died of hypothermia in the north-eastern US and Canada as a result of the 4-day blizzard.
    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Blizzard_of_1888)(SFC, 10/30/12, p.D2)(Econ., 12/19/20, p.122)

1888        Aug 17, Monty Wooley, actor (Pied Piper, Man Who Came to Dinner), was born in NYC.
    (SC, 8/17/02)

1888        Oct 16, Eugene O'Neill (d.1953), Nobel Prize-winning playwright (1936), was born in NYC. His work includes "A Long Day's Journey Into Night" and "The Iceman Cometh."
    (AP, 11/27/97)(HN, 10/16/00)(MC, 10/16/01)

1888        In New York City the 13-story Tower building was constructed at 50 Broadway.
    (HT, 5/97, p.24)
1888        In NYC Katz’s Delicatessen was founded on the lower East Side. The Jewish deli was still operating in 2015.
    (Econ, 12/12/15, p.79)
1888        Thomas Adams installed the 1st Tutti Frutti machines on the platforms of the elevated trains of NYC. They dispensed gumballs for a penny.
    (WSJ, 7/28/00, p.W13)

1889        Jan 9, A tornado struck Brooklyn, NY, when Flatbush was farmland. A twister blew through what are now the neighborhoods of Carroll Gardens, Boerum Hill, Downtown, Fort Greene and Williamsburg, blowing roofs off houses and uprooting trees, but killing no one. 14 people were killed by the tornado in Pittsburg, Pa.
    (http://tinyurl.com/349275)(http://tinyurl.com/395f4q)

1889        Apr 30, The George Washington Bridge, linking New York City and New Jersey, opened, the same day that Washington's inauguration became the first U.S. national holiday
    (HN, 4/30/98)

1889        Jul 8, Dow Jones & Co. turned its “Customer’s Afternoon Letter” into a full-fledged newspaper and co-founder Charles Bergstresser dubbed it the Wall Street Journal.
    (AP, 7/8/97)(WSJ, 5/2/07, p.C1)

1889        Sep 23, Walter Lippmann, journalist, was born in NYC. He was one of the founders of The New Republic Magazine in 1914. His political writings included "Men of Destiny."
    (HN, 9/23/00)

1889        Nov 14, New York World reporter Nellie Bly (Elizabeth Cochrane) was inspired by author Jules Verne and set out to travel around the world in less than 80 days. She succeeded, making the trip in 72 days.
    (AP, 11/14/97)

1889        Nov 27, 1st permit issued to drive a car through Central Park, NYC, was issued to Curtis P. Brady.
    (MC, 11/27/01)

1890        Jan 22, Jose Marti formed La Liga (Union of Cuban exiles) in NYC.
    (MC, 1/22/02)

1890        Apr 11, Ellis Island was designated as an immigration station.
    (MC, 4/11/02)

1890        Aug 6, Convicted murderer William Kemmler became the first person to be executed in the electric chair as he was put to death at Auburn State Prison in New York. The electric chair was introduced in New York City.
    (AP, 8/6/97)(HN, 8/6/98)

1890        Oct 2, Julius Henry "Groucho" Marx was a performer for more than 70 years. Although there is some discrepancy about the exact date, Groucho was most likely born on October 2, 1890, in New York. He later went on to host the television quiz show "You Bet Your Life." He began singing as a boy and then performed wisecracking comedy on stage and screen with his brothers (Chico, Harpo, Zeppo and Gummo). Groucho also had radio shows, wrote books and screenplays, and became the most famous Marx Brother for his mustached, cigar-smoking persona and lines like, "I sent the club a wire stating, 'please accept my resignation. I don't want to belong to any club that will accept me as a member.'" "There's one way to find out if a man is honest--ask him. If he says 'yes,' you know he is crooked." Groucho Marx died in 1977.
    (HNPD, 10/2/98)(AP, 10/2/97)

1890        Dec 10, The New York World Building, also known as the Pulitzer Building, was completed in NYC. It was designed by early skyscraper specialist George Browne Post and built to house the now-defunct newspaper, The New York World. It was razed in 1955 for the expanded car ramp entrance to the Brooklyn Bridge.
    (Econ., 3/28/15, p.80)

1890        Dec 18, Edwin Howard Armstrong, radio pioneer and inventor of FM, was born in NYC.
    (MC, 12/18/01)

1890        Dec 31, Ellis Island, NYC, opened as a US immigration depot.
    (MC, 12/31/01)

1890        Jacob A. Riis (1849-1914), Danish-born author and photographer, published “How the Other Half Lives: Studies Among the Tenements of New York.”
    (ON, 3/03, p.7)(www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAriis.htm)

1890        Seth Low became president of Columbia Univ.
    (SSFC, 8/15/04, p.D11)

1890        Eugene Schieffelin, a German immigrant, released 40 pairs of European starlings in Central Park. By 1959 the birds reached the Pacific coast. To honor his new homeland he had attempted to release every species of bird mentioned in the plays of Shakespeare.
    (AH, 6/02, p.42)

1890        The population of NYC at this time was about 1.2 million with some 37,000 living in tenements.
    (WSJ, 8/25/08, p.A11)

1890-1976    Paul Strand, American photographer. He documented the streets of New York City from 1915-1917 and did early experiments in photographic abstraction.
    (SFEM, 5/31/98, p.13)

1891        Jan 1, An office was opened on Ellis Island, New York, to cope with the vast flood of immigrants coming into the United States.
    (HN, 1/1/99)

1891        Feb 22, "Chico" Marx, actor, comedian (Marx Brothers, Animal Crackers), was born in NYC.
    (MC, 2/22/02)

1891        May 5, Carnegie Hall (then named Music Hall) had its opening night in New York City. Tchaikovsky was the guest conductor. Musicians, painters, dancers and actors thrived in two towers built by 19th-century industrialist Andrew Carnegie just after the hall went up. The Carnegie Towers, one 12 stories high, the other 16, housed more than 100 studios. In 2010 the city-owned towers were gutted in a $200 million renovation program.
    (AP, 5/5/97)(AP, 8/2/10)

1891        Mar 8, Sam Jaffe, actor (Gunga Din, Dr Zorba-Ben Casey), was born in NYC.
    (MC, 3/8/02)

1891        Madison Square Garden opened to the public. At the request of architect Stanford White, Augustus Saint-Gaudens (1848-1907) created a revolving finial to surmount the tower of White's Madison Square Garden. The 18-foot-high Diana was disproportionately large for White's tower and that the figure could not revolve in the wind, as intended, because it was too heavy.
    (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/28.101)
1891        George Jones, banker and co-founder of the New-York Daily Times, died. Charles R. Miller, editor of the Times, purchased the paper with investments from a syndicate of wealthy friends.
    (SFEM, 1/16/00, p.18)

1892        Jan 1, The US Immigration Service, after two years of construction, opened Ellis Island in New York Harbor, a new facility for "processing" immigrants. Annie Moore (15) of County Cork, Ireland, was the 1st person processed. The new facility replaced Castle Garden, which was closed because of massive overcrowding and corruption. The money changing concession was later granted to American Express to end the cheating of immigrants. Formerly used as a munitions dump and landfill, Ellis Island was designed, its architects claimed, to handle more than 8,000 newcomers a day. Orderly lines funneled bewildered immigrants past doctors and officials who examined them for signs of disease. The physically and mentally ill were refused admittance, forcing thousands of families to make the difficult decision to return home with a relative refused entry or push on without them. A final brusque interview by an immigration official determined whether the newcomers had already been promised jobs. About 80% of those who entered Ellis Island received landing cards permitting them to board ferries for NYC. In the 1890s, 75% of all immigrants entered the US through Ellis Island. It was closed in 1954.
    (AP, 1/1/98)(HNPD, 1/1/99)(AP, 1/1/98)(SFC, 3/21/98, p.E3)(HNPD, 9/18/98)(SFEC, 6/20/99, p.T10)

1892        Mar 11, Raoul Walsh, director (Thief of Baghdad, Battle Cry), was born in NYC.
    (MC, 3/12/02)

1892        Mar 15, Jesse W. Reno, inventor, patented the 1st escalator in NYC.
    (MC, 3/15/02)

1892        Aug 27, Fire seriously damaged New York City's original Metropolitan Opera House, located at Broadway and 39th Street.
    (AP, 8/27/97)

1892        Oct 18, The first long-distance telephone line between Chicago and New York was formally opened. It could only handle one call at a time.
    (AP, 10/18/07)

1892        In New York City the Middle Collegiate Church was built in the East Village. Its bell tower housed New York's Liberty Bell, which peeled to mark the 1776 birth of the nation. In 2020 a fire gutted the church and destroyed its Tiffany stained glass windows.
    (SSFC, 12/6/20, p.A8)
1892         Vogue magazine was first created as a New York weekly journal of society and fashion news.
    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast)

1893        Oct 15, The NY Times declared Coney Island “Sodom-by-the-Sea” for the thrilling rides that let men and women clutch each other.
    (Econ, 9/1/07, p.28)(http://tinyurl.com/39yjht)

1893        The Visiting Nurse Service was founded as a non-profit group to administer to the city’s burgeoning immigrant population.
    (WSJ, 12/12/01, p.A1)

1894        Apr 19, Jules Massenet's opera "Werther," premiered in NYC.
    (MC, 4/19/02)

1894        Jun 20, George Delacorte, philanthropist, publisher (Dell Books), was born in NYC.
    (MC, 6/20/02)

1894        Aug 16, George Meany, the first president of the AFL-CIO, was born in New York City.
    (AP, 8/16/97)

1894        Sep 4, Some 12,000 tailors in New York City went on strike to protest the existence of sweatshops.
    (AP, 9/4/97)

1894        Oct 29, The opera “Rob Roy” opened at the Herald Square Theater, NYC. The old Waldorf Hotel was near Herald Square and soon produced the Rob Roy drink, Scotch whisky and sweet vermouth.
    (www.ibdb.com/production.asp?ID=7669)(WSJ, 12/9/06, p.P10)

1894        Nov 18, 1st Sunday newspaper color comic section published in the NY World.
    (MC, 11/18/01)

1894        Nov, Swami Vivekananda founded the Vedanta Society in NYC. It was the first Hindu organization intended to attract American adherents.
    (AH, 4/07, p.31)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedanta_Society)

1895        Jan 31, Jose Marti and others left NYC for invasion of Spanish Cuba.
    (MC, 1/31/02)

1895        Mar 17, Shemp Howard, comedian (3 Stooges, Bank Dick), was born in Brooklyn.
    (MC, 3/17/02)

1895        May 20, The 1st commercial movie performance was at 153 Broadway in NYC.
    (MC, 5/20/02)

1895        May 23, The New York Public Library had its origins with an agreement combining the city's existing Astor and Lenox libraries. James Lenox, the son of a wealthy Scottish merchant, started the NY Public Library.
    (HFA, '96, p.30)(AP, 5/23/97)(SFCM, 12/10/00, p.12)

1895        May, Newspaper cartoonist Richard Felton Outcault introduced a new and "distinctly different" cartoon to the readers of Joseph Pulitzer's New York World. "At the Circus in Hogan's Alley" set the standard for modern newspaper comic strips with a zany cast of recurring characters in boisterous plots printed in a color supplement. Americans loved the cartoon, especially the character Mickey Dugan, the goofy-looking boy described as having big ears, a gap-toothed grin and a long yellow nightshirt. By the summer of 1896, "The Yellow Kid" was so closely identified with Pulitzer's newspaper that the term "yellow journalism" was coined to describe the new style of sensationalistic reporting that characterized the World and many of its competitors.
    (HN, 5/18/99)(Econ, 12/22/12, p.129)

1895        Jul 12, Oscar Hammerstein II, lyricist who worked with Richard Rodgers, was born in NYC.
    (MC, 7/12/02)

1895        Oct 22, David Belasco's "Heart of Maryland," premiered in NYC.
    (MC, 10/22/01)

1895        William Randolph Hearst (1863-1951) bought the New York Morning Journal for $180,000 and moved from SF to NYC. He soon renamed it the New York Journal. In 2008 Kenneth Whyte authored “The Uncrowned King: The Sensational Rise of William Randolph Hearst,” an account of Heart’s first three years in NYC.
    (SFEM, 11/8/98, p.16)(SFC, 8/7/99, p.A9)(WSJ, 12/27/08, p.W8)

c1895        Capital flows between Europe and America reversed with a net credit to America. In 2003 Thomas Kessner authored "Capital City," the story of New York’s rise to a world financial center.
    (WSJ, 4/2/03, p.D8)

1895-1897    Teddy Roosevelt served as the head of the NYC board of Police commissioners.
    (WSJ, 8/2100, p.A16)

1896        Jan 20, George Burns (d.3/9/96), vaudeville comedian and actor, was born Nathan Birnbaum in New York City. He hosted radio and television show with his wife Gracie Allen before going into movies like The Sunshine Boys. "By the time you're 80 years old, you've learned everything. You only have to remember it."
    (WSJ, 3/11/96, p. A1)(AP, 1/20/98)(HN, 1/20/99)

1896        Feb, Teddy Roosevelt, Police Commissioner of NYC, closed all the police lodging houses on the advice of Jacob A. Riis (1849-1914), Danish-born author and photographer.
    (WSJ, 8/25/08, p.A11)

1896        Mar 17, Adolph Ochs in Tennessee received a telegram from Harry Alloway that the New York Times available for acquisition.
    (SFEM, 1/16/00, p.17)

1896        Apr 6, Edgar "Yip" Harburg (d.1981), lyricist, was born in NYC as Isidore Hochberg. His songs included "Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?" and "Over the Rainbow."
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yip_Harburg)

1896        Apr 14, John Philip Sousa's opera, "El Capitan," premiered in NYC.
    (MC, 4/14/02)

1896        Apr 20, 1st public film showing in US John Philip Sousa's "El Capitan," premiered in NYC.
    (MC, 4/20/02)

1896        Apr 23, The Vitascope system for projecting movies onto a screen was demonstrated in New York City. Motion pictures premiered in New York City. It was developed by Thomas Armat and C. Francis Jenkins and marketed by Thomas Edison.
    (AP, 4/23/97)(HN, 4/23/99)(Sm, 3/06, p.105)

1896        May 26, The Dow Jones Industrial Average [DJIA] was first published. Charles H. Dow set up an index of 12 industrial companies that began at 40.94. Of the current 30 stocks in the Dow Jones, only General Electric was in the original group. The 12 companies included: The American Cotton Oil Company, American Sugar Refining Company, American Tobacco, Chicago Gas, General Electric Co., Laclede Gas Light Co., National Lead, North American Co., Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Co., U.S. Leather, U.S. Rubber Co.
    (WSJ, 1/8/96, p.C-1)(WSJ, 5/28/96, p.R45)

1896        May 30, The 1st car accident in NYC occurred when Henry Wells hit cyclist Ebeling Thomas on the "Western Boulevard" (Broadway).
    (http://tinyurl.com/83xl65b)

1896        Jun 7, G. Harpo & F. Samuelson left NY to row the Atlantic. The trip took 54 days.
    (SC, 6/7/02)

1896        Jun 9, The New-York Times Company was created as a reorganization of the New-York Times Publishing Company. Old stock was converted on a 5 to 1 basis.
    (SFEM, 1/16/00, p.20)

1896        Aug 13, The New-York Times Company under Adolph Ochs purchased the New-York Times Publishing Company. The control of the New York Times has rested with the Sulzberger and Ochs clans since this year. Adolph S. Ochs purchased a failing newspaper and turned it into the prestigious New York Times. Natives of Chattanooga, Adolph and Milton Ochs later assembled over 2,700 acres along the slopes of Lookout Mountain, site of the Civil War Battle of Chattanooga, and donated the land for a Nat’l. Park.
    (WSJ, 1/22/96, p.A-1)(NH, 8/96, p.78)(HT, 4/97, p.59) (SFEM, 1/16/00, p.20)

1896         Aug 18, Adolph Ochs (39) took over the New York Times. He served as publisher until 1935.
    (HN, 8/18/00)(SFC, 4/6/01, p.D3)

1896        Aug 19, Adolph Oaks proclaimed the journalistic principles for the New-York Times: "to give the news impartially, without fear of favor, regardless of party, sect or interests involved." He soon launched the "Review of Books and Arts" and a new "Illustrated Sunday Magazine."
    (SFEM, 1/16/00, p.22,23)

1896        Aug 29, The Chinese-American dish chop suey was invented in New York City by the chef to visiting Chinese Ambassador Li Hung-chang.
    (SFC, 6/9/96, Zone 1 p.2)(SFEC, 1/12/97,  zone 3 p.4)(AP, 8/29/97)

1896        Oct 10, The New York Times Book Review started as the “Saturday Review of Books and Art.” The 9-page first issue, established by Adolph S. Ochs as a standalone supplement, included an article about Oscar Wilde’s experience in prison and another about department stores posing a threat to independent booksellers.
    (NY Times, 1/26/21)

1896        Nov 11, Charles "Lucky" Luciano, NYC Mafia gangster, was born in Sicily.
    (MC, 11/11/01)

1896        "Yellow journalism" was named after the color comic featuring the Yellow Kid that ran in the Hearst New York Journal and the Pulitzer New York World.
    (SFEM, 1/16/00, p.21)

1896        NYC selected William Temple Hornaday to head a new zoo. It opened in 1899 and Hornaday bred there a herd of bison.
    (ON, 3/02, p.9)

1897        Jan 1, Brooklyn merged with NY to form the present NYC. [see Jan 1, 1898]
    (MC, 1/1/02)

1897        Feb, Adolph Ochs published for the 1st time his slogan "All the News That's Fit to Print."
    (SFEM, 1/16/00, p.23)

1897        Apr 7,  Walter Winchell, American newscaster and newspaper columnist, was born in Harlem, NYC.
    (HN, 4/7/97)(MC, 4/7/02)

1897        Jun 15, May Belle Elsas (d.2003), opera singer and actress, was born in NYC. She changed her name to Mary Ellis when she joined the Metropolitan Opera at age 18.
    (SFC, 2/3/03, p.B4)

1897        Sep 21, The New York Sun ran its famous editorial that answered a question from 8-year-old Virginia O'Hanlon: "Is there a Santa Claus?" Francis P. Church wrote, in part: "Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus. He exists as certainly as love and generosity and devotion exist, and you know that they abound and give to your life its highest beauty and joy."
    (AP, 9/21/97)

1897        Oct 4, George Bernard Shaw's "The Devil's Disciple," premiered in NYC.
    (MC, 10/4/01)

1897        Oct 24, The first comic strip appeared in the Sunday color supplement of the New York Journal called the 'Yellow Kid.' [see May 1895,1896]
    (HN, 10/24/00)

1897        Nov 6, Peter Pan opened in NYC at the Empire Theater.
    (MC, 11/6/01)

1897        Dec 12, "The Katzenjammer Kids," the pioneering comic strip created by  Rudolph Dirks, made its debut in the New York Journal.
    (AP, 12/12/97)

1897        Dec 31, Brooklyn, N.Y., spent its last day as a separate entity before becoming part of New York City.
    (AP, 12/31/97)

1897        Carnegie Hall opened. [see 1891]
    (SFEC, 7/4/99, p.T4)
1897        Teddy Roosevelt, the police commissioner of NYC, was appointed assistant secretary of war under Pres. William McKinley, after Col. Frederick Grant, son of Ulysses S. Grant, turned down the position. In 2012 Richard Zacks authored “Island of Vice: Theodore Roosevelt’s Doomed Quest to Clean Up Sin-Loving New York.”
    (SSFC, 4/8/12, p.F3)
1897        Col. Fred Grant withdrew from the Board of Police Commissioners as a protest against the methods employed by the NY police to gain evidence.
    (G&M, 7/31/97, p.A2)
1897        Adolph Ochs (1858-1935), publisher of the New York Times, coined a new motto for the Times banner: “All the news that’s fit to print.”
    (ON, 6/07, p.12)
1897        The first self-propelled cabs appeared on NYC streets. They were battery powered and required a long recharge every 25 miles.
    (WSJ, 4/6/07, p.W6)

1898        Jan 1, The consolidation of Greater New York City occurred with the "merger" of Brooklyn and Manhattan. Before the merger Brooklyn had absorbed Williamsburg, Bushwick, Flatbush, Flatlands, and New Lots among other towns. The merger created a city of 3.4 million people. Manhattan, the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island were consolidated into New York City.
    (WSJ, 12/31/97, p.A10)(AP, 1/1/99)

1898        Jan 7, Art Baker, TV host (You Asked For It), was born in NYC.
    (MC, 1/7/02)

1898        Sep 26, George Gershwin, American composer, was born as Jacob Gershvin in Brooklyn, N.Y. He wrote many popular songs for musicals, along with his brother Ira, and is best known for "I Got Rhythm" and "Rhapsody in Blue." His work included "An American in Paris." As Gershwin was putting together his famous "Rhapsody in Blue" in 1924, jazz was gaining widespread popularity. But Gershwin sought to do something new: "Jazz, they said, had to be in strict time. It had to cling to dance rhythms. I resolved to kill that misconception with one sturdy blow." Audiences loved it. He and his brother Ira collaborated in 1934 to create "Porgy and Bess," an opera that explored African-American culture. Many of its songs have become ingrained in American popular culture. Just a few years later, when he was only 38, Gershwin died of a brain tumor.
    (SFEC, 8/16/98, DB p.37)(AP, 9/26/98)(HNPD, 9/26/99)

1898        Sep 30, The city of NY was established with five boroughs.
    (MC, 9/30/01)

1898        In NYC the first int’l. urban planning conference was held. Horse manure was at the top of the agenda.
    (Econ, 11/26/16, SR p.3)
1898        William Entenmann opened his first bakery in the Flatbush section of Brooklyn, New York. In 1976 Entenmann’s went public.
    (http://entenmanns.gwbakeries.com/history.cfm)
1898        Frederick Law Olmsted (d.1903), the architect of Central Park in NYC, was confined to the McLean Asylum in Waverly, Mass., for dementia. He had earlier designed the grounds for the asylum.
    (WSJ, 5/21/99, p.W5)
1898        Henry Barnet and Katherine Adams were murdered with mercuric cyanide. Roland Burnham Molineux (1866-1917), a Manhattan socialite, was convicted in 1899 and sent to the Sing Sing death house, but was acquitted at a 2nd trial in 1902, due to restrictions on evidence. In 2007 Harold Schechter authored “The Devil’s Gentleman: Privilege, Poison, and the Trial That Ushered in the Twentieth Century.” 
    (WSJ, 11/1/07, p.D6)

1899        Jan 17, Notorious gangster Al Capone was born in Brooklyn, N.Y.
    (AP, 1/17/99)

1899        Jan 23, Humphrey Bogart, U.S. actor was born. He won an Oscar for African Queen and also starred in Casablanca and The Maltese Falcon. [see Dec 25, 1899]
    (HN, 1/23/99)

1899        Jan, William Franklin Miller (36) began offering an investment return of 10% per week to his neighbors in Brooklyn. Early investors were paid with money raised from later ones His scheme was exposed after a year by E.L. Blake, who recognized the swindle after over $2 million was bilked from tens of thousands. Miller was jailed for 10 years. His method was made famous 20 years later by Charles Ponzi.
    (WSJ, 7/23/99, p.A14)(Econ, 9/2/17, p.59)

1899        Mar 20, Martha M. Place of Brooklyn, N.Y., became the first woman to be executed in the electric chair. She was put to death at Sing Sing for the murder of her stepdaughter.
    (AP, 3/20/99)

1899        Jul 7, George Cukor (d.1983), film director, was born in New York City.
    (AP, 7/7/99)(MC, 7/7/02)

1899        Sep 13, Henry H. Bliss became the first person killed by an automobile, an electric taxi in Manhattan.
    (SFC, 10/10/97, p.A21)

1899        Dec 25, Humphrey Bogart, actor ("Here's looking at you, kid" in Casablanca), was born in NYC. [see Jan 23, 1899]
    (MC, 12/25/01)

1899        Dec 30, The New York Times listed the most significant advances of the Industrial Revolution. 1st item on the list was friction matches (1827).
    (SFEC, 8/13/00, Z1 p.2)

1899        Oscar Hammerstein opened the Victoria Theater in Times Square. It was later known as the original Broadway theater.
    (WSJ, 3/19/04, p.W2)

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