Timeline Holy Roman Empire: 421-1806
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313 Constantine
met with the eastern emperor at Milan, capital of the late Roman
Empire. They agreed on a policy of religious tolerance. The Edict of
Milan legalized Christianity, but also allowed Romans religious choice.
(CU, 6/87)(ITV, 1/96, p.58)(SFEC, 7/13/97,
p.T13)(SSFC, 3/21/04, p.M6)
379-395 Theodosius I (c.346-395) served as emperor
East Roman Republic.
(WUD, 1994 p.1471)
380 Theodosius I ordered that all
people under his rule embrace Christianity.
(SSFC, 3/21/04, p.M6)
410 Aug 24, Rome was overrun by
the Visigoths, an event that symbolized the fall of the Western Roman
Empire. German barbarians sacked Rome [see Aug 18].
(V.D.-H.K.p.87)(AP, 8/24/97)(HN, 8/24/98)
421 Feb 8, Flavius Constantine
became emperor Constantine III of Roman Empire West.
(MC, 2/8/02)
742 Apr 2, Charlemagne (d.814),
Charles I the Great, King of the Franks and first Holy Roman emperor
(800-14), was born. His capital was at Aachen (Acquisgrana in Latin).
(V.D.-H.K.p.105)(SFEM, 10/12/97, p.46)(HN, 4/2/98)
472 Aug 18, Flavius Ricimer,
general of the Western Roman Empire, kingmaker, was born.
(MC, 8/18/02)
800 Dec 25, Pope Leo III crowned
Frankish warrior-king Charlemagne as heir of the Roman emperors at the
basilica of St. Peter's at Rome.
(V.D.-H.K.p.105)(Econ, 9/4/10, p.56)
814 Jan 28, Charlemagne (71),
German emperor, Holy Roman Emperor (800-814), died. In 1968 Jacques
Boussard authored “The Civilisation of Charlemagne.” In 2004 Alessandro
Barbero authored “Charlemagne: Father of a Continent.”
(www.tiscali.co.uk)(Econ, 1/3/04, p.39)(Econ,
9/18/04, p.87)
870 In the Treaty of Mersen Louis
II, the Holy Roman Emperor, forced the partition of Lorraine under King
Charles the Bald. The realm was divided on the basis of revenue.
(PC, 1992, p.71)
875 Aug 12, Louis II (~50), king
of Italy, emperor of France, died.
(MC, 8/12/02)
875-877 Charles II the Kale, King of France, served
as Holy Roman emperor.
(MC, 10/6/01)
876 Oct 8, Charles the Bald was
defeated at the Battle of Andernach.
(HN, 10/8/98)
877 Oct 6, Charles II the Kale,
King of France and Roman emperor (875-77), died at 54.
(MC, 10/6/01)
912 Nov 23, Otto I, the Great
(d.973), German king and Holy Roman emperor (962-73), was born. Otto
the Great became King of Germany in 936.
(AHD, 1971, p.931)(MC, 11/23/01)
929 Eadgyth (910-946), the sister
of King Athelstan and the granddaughter of Alfred the Great, was given
in marriage to Otto I, the king of Saxony and the Holy Roman Emperor.
She had at least two children before her death in 946 at age 36. In
2010 her remains were found in Magdeburg Cathedral in northern Germany.
(AFP, 1/20/10)(AFP, 6/17/10)
936-973 Otto the Great became King of Germany and
later the first Holy Roman Emp.
(AHD, 1971, p.931)
946 Eadgyth, the sister of King
Athelstan and the granddaughter of Alfred the Great, died. She had been
given in marriage to Otto I, the Holy Roman Emperor, in 929. She was
initially buried at the Monastery of Mauritius in Magdeburg. In 1510
her remains were transferred to Magdeburg Cathedral in northern
Germany, where her bones were found in 2008.
(AFP, 1/20/10)
953 Apr 21, Otto I, the Great,
granted Utrecht fishing rights.
(MC, 4/21/02)
962 Feb 2, Otto I (912-973)
invaded Italy and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope John XII.
(AHD, 1971, p.931)(HN, 2/2/99)(MC, 2/2/02)
973 May 6, Henry II, German King
(1002) and Holy Roman Emperor (1014-1024), was born.
(HN, 5/6/98)(MC, 5/6/02)
983 Dec 7, Otto III [aged 3] took
the throne after his father's death in Italy.
(HN, 12/7/98)
996 May 21, Otto III (16) was
crowned the Roman Emperor by his cousin Pope Gregory V.
(HN, 5/21/98)(MC, 5/21/02)
1014 Feb 14, Pope Benedict VIII
crowned Henry II, German King (1002), as Roman German emperor
(1014-1024).
(HN, 5/6/98)(MC, 5/6/02)(MC, 2/14/02)
1025 Dec 15, Basil II was
succeeded as emperor [by] Constantine VIII, his brother and co-ruler.
(HN, 12/15/98)
1027 Mar 26, John XIX crowned
Conrad II the Salier Roman German emperor.
(SS, 3/26/02)
1036-1056 Henry III ruled the Holy Roman Empire,
which extended from Hamburg and Bremen in the north to the instep of
Italy to the south, Burgundy in the west, and Hungary and Poland to the
east.
(V.D.-H.K.p.111)
1050 Nov 11, Henry IV, Holy Roman
Emperor, was born.
(HN, 11/11/98)
1076 Feb 14, Pope Gregory VII
excommunicated Henry IV.
(MC, 2/14/02)
1077 Jan 28, Pope Gregory VII
pardoned German emperor Henry IV at Canossa in northern Italy. Henry
had insisted that he reserved the right to "invest" bishops and other
clergymen, despite the papal decree, but became penitent when faced
with permanent excommunication.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_to_Canossa)(Econ,
5/9/09, p.88)
1081 Jan 8, Henry V, Roman German
king, emperor (1098/1111-25), was born.
(MC, 1/8/02)
1084 Mar 31, Anti-pope Clemens
crowned German emperor Hendrik IV.
(MC, 3/31/02)
1106 Aug 7, Henry IV (54),
Holy Roman Emperor (1056/84-1105), died.
(MC, 8/7/02)
1118 Apr 7, Pope Gelasius II
excommunicated Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor.
(MC, 4/7/02)
1153 Mar 23, Treaty of Konstanz
between Frederik I "Barbarossa" and Pope Eugene III.
(SS, 3/23/02)
1155 Jun 18, German-born Frederick
I, Barbarossa, was crowned emperor of Rome by Pope Adrian IV.
(HN, 6/18/98)(MC, 6/18/02)
1160 Feb 3, Emperor Frederick
Barbarossa hurtled prisoners, including children, at the Italian city
of Crema, forcing its surrender.
(HN, 2/3/99)
1178 Jul 30, Frederick I
(Barbarossa), Holy Roman Emperor, was crowned King of Burgundy.
(MC, 7/30/02)
1189 Jan 21, Philip Augustus,
Henry II of England and Frederick Barbarossa assembled the troops for
the Third Crusade.
(V.D.-H.K.p.109)(HN, 1/21/99)
1189 May 11, Emperor Frederik I
Barbarossa and 100,000 crusaders departed Regensburg.
(MC, 5/11/02)
1190 Jun 10, Frederick I van
Hohenstaufen, Barbarossa (1123-1190), king of Germany and Italy and the
Holy Roman Empire, drowned crossing the Saleph River while leading an
army of the Third Crusade. Frederick struggled to extend German
influence throughout Europe, maneuvering both politically and
militarily. He clashed with the pope, the powerful Lombards and fellow
Germans among others throughout the years. He joined the Third Crusade
in the Spring of 1189 in their efforts to free Jerusalem from Saladin's
army
(WUD, 1994, p.565)(HN, 6/10/98)(HNQ, 2/3/01)
1197 Sep 29, Emperor Henry VI died
in Messina, Sicily.
(HN, 9/29/98)
1218 May 19, Otto IV (36), Holy
Roman Emperor, died.
(PC, 1992, p.106)
1220 Nov 22, After promising to go
to the aid of the Fifth Crusade within nine months, Frederick II was
crowned emperor by Pope Honorius III.
(HN, 11/22/98)
1221 Emperor Frederick II issued a
law that declared that violence could be committed against jesters
without punishment.
(SFC,12/897, p.A17)
1227 Roman Emperor Frederick II
was first excommunicated by the Catholic Pope because his growing
empire threatened the independence of the papal states. [see 1239]
(AP, 5/5/06)
1229 Mar 18, German emperor
Frederick II crowned himself king of Jerusalem.
(MC, 3/18/02)
1239 Roman Emperor Frederick II
was excommunicated a 2nd time because his growing empire threatened the
independence of the papal states.
(AP, 5/5/06)
1273-1291 Rudolf I, King of Germany and emperor of
the Holy Roman Empire. He founded the Hapsburg dynasty.
(WUD, 1994, p.1251)
c1300-1400 In the early 14th century the Gottscheers
settled in the Carniola region of what later became Slovenia. The
Germanic people were sent there to till the land and pay taxes to the
Carinthian counts of Ortenburg and to serve as a forward guard for the
Holy Roman Empire.
(SFC, 6/16/99, p.A12)
1346 Jun 11, Charles IV of
Luxembourg was elected Holy Roman Emperor in Germany.
(HN, 6/11/98)
1348 Apr 7, Prague Univ., the 1st
in central Europe, was started by Charles IV.
(MC, 4/7/02)
1361 Feb 26, Wenceslas IV of
Bohemia, Holy Roman Catholic German emperor (1378-1400), was born.
(WUD, 1994 p.1622)(SC, 2/26/02)
1378 Dec 18, Charles V denounced
the treachery of John IV of Brittany and confiscated his duchy.
(HN, 12/18/98)
1411-1437 Sigismund became the Holy Roman Emperor.
[see 1433]
(WUD, 1994, p.1325)
1419 Aug 16, Wenceslas (b.1361),
son of Charles IV and King of Germany, died. He served as King
Wenceslas IV of Bohemia (1363) and King of the Romans (1376).
(MC, 8/16/02)(Internet)
1420 Jul 14, Jan Zizka
(1360?-1424) led the Taborites in Battle at Vitkov Zizka's hill
(Prague). The Taborites beat forces under Sigismund, the pro-Catholic
King of Hungary and Bohemia. This was part of the Hussite Wars
(1419-1436).
(http://user.intop.net/~jhollis/janzizka.htm)
1433 May 31, Sigismund was crowned
emperor of Rome.
(HN, 5/31/98)
1459-1525 Jakob Fugger II, German banker. He minted
his own money and maintained banks in every European capital. He held a
contract for managing the Pope's money and collecting cash for the
remission of sins. He bankrolled the election of Charles V.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)
1477 Future Holy Roman Emperor
Maximilian I, a member of the Habsburg family of Austria, married Mary
of Burgundy, heiress of all the Netherlands. Maximilian had given Mary
a diamond engagement ring, a practice that soon spread. In 1996 Andrew
Wheatcroft wrote a history of the Habsburgs: "The Habsburgs."
(WSJ, 1/19/96, p.A-12)(SFEM, 6/28/98, p.6)(SFC,
5/28/08, p.G2)
1489 Feb 14, Henry VII and Holy
Roman Emperor Maximilian I ally to assist the Bretons in the Treaty of
Dordrecht.
(http://tudors.crispen.org/chronology/index.html)
1493 Aug 19, Maximilian succeeded
his father Frederick III as Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick III of
Innsbruck (77), German Emperor (1440-1493), died.
(HN, 8/19/98)(MC, 8/19/02)
1493-1519 Maximilian I (1459-1519), Holy Roman
Emperor over this period.
(WUD, 1994, p.886)
1498 Jun 21, Jews were expelled
from Nuremberg, Bavaria, by Emperor Maximillian.
(MC, 6/21/02)
1498 The Vienna Boys School and
Choir was founded by Emp. Maximilian I.
(SFC, 12/3/97, p.C5)
1507 The Diet of Constance
recognized the unity of the Holy Roman Empire and founded the Imperial
Chamber, the empire’s supreme judicial court.
(TL-MB, p.9)
1508 Feb 6, King Maximilian I
(1459-1519) assumed the title of Emperor (1493-1519) without being
crowned.
(TL-MB, p.9)(WUD, 1994, p.886)(MC, 2/6/02)
1503 Mar 10, Ferdinand I, Holy
Roman Emperor (1558-1564), was born. He was King of Bohemia and Hungary
from 1526-1564.
(HN, 3/10/01)(WUD, 1994 p.523)
1504 Apr 23, King Maximilian I
routed troops to Bavaria.
(MC, 4/23/02)
1513 Aug 16, Henry VIII of England
and Emperor Maximilian defeated the French at Guinegatte, France, in
the Battle of the Spurs.
(HN, 8/16/98)
1515 Jul 22, Emperor Maximillian
and Vladislav of Bohemia forged an alliance between the Habsburg
[Austria] and Jagiello [Polish-Lithuanian] dynasties in Vienna.
(HN, 7/22/98)
1516 Archduke Charles, later Emp.
Charles V, succeeded his grandfather, King Ferdinand II of Spain, and
founded the Hapsburg dynasty.
(TL-MB, p.11)
1518 Cardinal Wolsey arranged the
Peace of London between England, France, the Pope, Maximilian I and
Spain.
(TL-MB, p.11)
1519 Jan 12, Maximilian I of
Hapsburg (59), Holy Roman Emperor and German Kaiser, died.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)(AP, 1/12/98)(PC, 1992, p.170)
1519 Jul 6, Charles of Spain was
elected Holy Roman emperor in Barcelona. The Catholic heir to the
Hapsburg dynasty, Charles V, was elected Holy Roman Emperor, combining
the crowns of Spain, Burgundy (with the Netherlands), Austria and
Germany. He was the grandson of Ferdnand and Isabella of Spain.
(V.D.-H.K.p.162)(NH, 9/96, p.18)(HN, 7/6/98)
1520 Oct 23, 1520: King Carlos I
(1500-1558) was crowned as German emperor Charles V (1520-1558), a Holy
Roman Emperor.
(http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Charles%20V,%20Holy%20Roman%20Emperor)
1520 A 9-piece tapestry set was
created for the Holy Roman Empire coronation of Belgium-born Charles V,
King of Spain, titled “Los Honores.” The set was restored by Belgium in
2000 for the 500th anniversary of Charles’ birth.
(WSJ, 4/11/02, p.AD7)
1521 Apr 17, Under the protection
of Frederick the Wise, elector of Saxony, Martin Luther first appeared
before Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the Imperial Diet to face
charges stemming from his religious writings. The Roman Catholic Church
had already excommunicated him on Jan 3, 1521. He was later declared an
outlaw by Charles V.
(NH, 9/96, p.18)(HN, 4/17/98)(AP, 4/17/07)
1521 May 8, Emperor Charles V and
the Diet issued the Edict of Worms. It banned Luther’s work and
enjoined his detention, but was not able to be enforced.
(NH, 9/96, p.20)
1521 Oct 25, Emperor Charles V
banned wooden buildings in Amsterdam.
(MC, 10/25/01)
1521 An eight year war between
France and the Holy Roman Emp., Charles V, began after the French
supported rebels in Spain.
(TL-MB, p.12)
1522 Apr 29, Emperor Charles V
named Frans van Holly inquisitor-gen of Netherlands.
(MC, 4/29/02)
1522 England declared war on
France and Scotland. Holy Roman Emp. Charles V visited Henry VIII and
signed the Treaty of Windsor. Both monarchs agreed to invade France.
(TL-MB, p.12)
1522 Suleiman I captured Rhodes
from the Knights of St. John, who were resettled on Malta by Charles V.
(TL-MB, p.12)
1523 Sep 19, Emperor Charles V and
England signed an anti-French covenant.
(MC, 9/19/01)
1523 The Ottoman Emperor Suleiman
the Magnificent successfully overcame the Knights Hospitaller, Order of
St. John, from their position on the island of Rhodes in the Aegean
Sea. The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, offered the Knights the Isle of
Malta. In exchange for a perpetual lease the Knights undertook to send
the emperor a falcon (made famous in the mystery novel, The Maltese
Falcon, and the movie of the same name) once every year as a token of
their fealty. They remained there until the time of Napoleon, and
became known as the Knights of Malta.
(WSJ, 12/30/94, A-6, Review of The Knights of Malta
by H.J.A. Sire)
1524 Aug 19, Emperor Charles V's
troops besieged Marseille.
(MC, 8/19/02)
1525 Feb 24, In the first of the
Franco-Habsburg Wars, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V captured the
French king Francis I at the battle of Pavia, in Italy. This was the
decisive engagement of the Italian War of 1521-26.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia)(Econ,
12/12/09, p.93)
1526 Jan 14, Francis of France,
held captive by Charles V for a year, signed the Treaty of Madrid,
giving up most of his claims in France and Italy.
(HN, 1/14/99)
1528 Jan 22, England & France
declared war on Emperor Charles V of Spain. The French army was later
expelled from Naples and Genoa.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)(MC, 1/22/02)
1530 Feb 23, Spain's Carlos I was
crowned Holy Roman Emperor Charles V by Pope Clement VII in the last
coronation of a German king by a Pope. Charles restored the Medici to
power after capturing Florence and ceded Malta to the landless
religious order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem.
(TL-MB, p.14)(MC, 2/24/02)(PC, 1992, p.176)
1535 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
led a naval expedition to Tunis against Barbarossa. The foray proved
successful, but Barbarossa escaped and continued to fight.
(WSJ, 7/21/08, p.A11)
1536 Oct 6, William Tyndale
(b.1494), the English translator of the New and Old Testament, was
burned at the stake at Vilvoorde Castle (Belgium) as a heretic by the
Holy Roman Empire.
(www.historymole.com/cgi-bin/main/results.pl?type=theme&theme=WTyndale)
1538 Jun 18, Treaty of Nice ended
the war between Emperor Charles V and King Francois I. It only lasted
10 months.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)(PCh, 1992, p.180)(MC, 6/18/02)
1539 Apr 19, Emperor Charles V
reached a truce with German Protestants.
(HN, 4/19/97)
1540 Feb 14, Emperor Charles V
entered Ghent without resistance and executed the rebels. He brutally
beat down an uprising against taxes for an expansionist war. Nine
leaders were beheaded and another hanged. City burgers were forced to
walk the streets barefoot with rope hanging round their necks. The
"Gentse Feesten" annual festival re-enacts this event every mid-July.
(SFEC, 11/21/99, p.T10)(MC, 2/14/02)
1542 War was renewed between
the Holy Roman Empire and France.
(TL-MB, p.16)
1546 Charles V got into the
Schmalkaldic War against the Protestant princes upon support by the
Catholic Counter-Reformation.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1547 Apr 24, Charles V's troops
defeated the Protestant League of Schmalkalden at the battle of
Muhlburg.
(HN, 4/24/98)
1548 Jun 30, Formerly Holy Roman
(Catholic) Emperor Charles V ordered Catholics to become Lutherans.
(MC, 6/30/02)
1550 Apr 29, Emperor Charles V
gave inquisitors additional authority.
(MC, 4/29/02)
1551 Mar 9, Emperor Charles V
appointed his son Philip as heir to the throne. Don Philip was
recognized as the sole heir of Charles V.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)(MC, 3/9/02)
1555 Sep 25, The Religious Peace
of Augsburg compromised differences between Catholics and Protestants
in the German states. Each prince could chose which religion would be
followed in his realm. Lutheranism was acknowledged by the Holy Roman
Empire. The Peace of Augsburg was the first permanent legal basis for
the existence of Lutheranism as well as Catholicism in Germany. It was
promulgated as part of the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire. Charles V's
Augsburg Interim of 1548 was a temporary doctrinal agreement between
German Catholics and Protestants that was overthrown in 1552.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)(PCh, 1992, p.189)(HNQ, 2/8/99)
1555 Oct 25, Emperor Charles V put
his son Philip II in charge of Netherlands, Naples, and Milan.
(MC, 10/25/01)
1558 Sep 21, Charles V (b.1500),
King of Spain (Carlos I), former Holy Roman Emperor (1519-1556), died.
In 2006 lab tests showed that Charles suffered from gout.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)(http://tinyurl.com/kq9sq)
1564 Jul 25, Maximillian II became
emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
(HN, 7/25/98)
1568 Feb 17, Holy Roman Emperor
Maximillian II agreed to pay tribute to the Sultan for peace.
(MC, 2/17/02)
1576 Oct 12, Rudolf II, the king
of Hungary and Bohemia, succeeded his father, Maximillian II, as Holy
Roman Emperor.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(HN, 10/12/98)
1576 Rudolf II was crowned King of
the Holy Roman Empire and moved the Imperial Court from Vienna to
Prague.
(WSJ, 7/10/97, p.A13)
1583-1634 Albrecht Wenzel von Wallenstein, soldier of
fortune. He prospered by providing armed regiments to Ferdnand, the
Habsburg emperor. He acquired a fortune through marriage to an elderly
widow with huge estates in Moravia. He was appointed governor of
Bohemia and later was ordered killed by the emperor.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)
1584 Jan 7, This was the last day
of the Julian calendar in Bohemia & Holy Roman empire. The 1582
Gregorian (or New World) calendar was adopted by this time in Belgium,
most of the German Roman Catholic states and the Netherlands.
(SFEC, 10/3/99, Par p.27)(MC, 1/7/02)
1600 Cardinal Filippo Spinelli,
Pope Clement VIII’s ambassador in Prague, wrote to the Pope that
Emperor Rudolf II was bewitched by the devil.
(WSJ, 9/9/06, p.P9)
1609 Jul, Emperor Rudolf II
granted Bohemia freedom of religion with his Letter of Majesty
(Majestatsbrief).
(www.historylearningsite.co.uk/Bohemia_30YW.htm)
1612 Jan 20, Rudolf II von
Habsburg (59), emperor of Germany (1576-1612), died in Prague and
Matthias became Holy Roman Emperor. In 1912 an enigmatic manuscript,
once owned by Rudolf II, was acquired by Wilfrid Voynich and came to be
known as the Voynich manuscript. In 2006 Peter Marshall authored “The
Magic Circle of Rudolf II.”
(WSJ, 1/8/99,
p.C13)(www.historylearningsite.co)(Econ, 1/10/04, p.71)(WSJ, 9/9/06,
p.P9)
1619 Catholic Hapsburg Ferdinand
became Holy Roman Emperor as Ferdinand II.
(HNQ, 2/28/00)
1620 Ferdinand II became emperor
of the Holy Roman Empire after the death of Rudolf II and moved the
Imperial Court back to Vienna. He sold dozens of paintings collected by
Rudolf II that he found “lewd.”
(WSJ, 7/10/97, p.A13)(WUD, 1994, p.524)
1620-1637 Ferdinand II (1578-1637) ruled as the Holy
Roman emperor.
(WUD, 1994, p.524)
1621 Dec 13, Emperor Ferdinand II
delegated the 1st anti-Reformation decree.
(MC, 12/13/01)
1628 Aug 1, Emperor Ferdinand II
demanded that Austria Protestants convert to Catholicism.
(MC, 8/1/02)
1630 Aug 13, Emperor Frederick II
of Bohemia fired Albrecht von Wallenmanders, his best military
commander.
(HN, 8/13/98)
1632 Apr 16, Albrecht von
Wallenstein was appointed supreme commander of Holy Roman Empire forces.
(MC, 4/16/02)
1632 Nov 16, Battle at Lutzen:
Sweden beat the imperial armies under Wallenstein.
(MC, 11/16/01)
1634 Feb 18, Emperor Ferdinand II
ordered General Albrecht von Wallenstein's execution.
(MC, 2/18/02)
1637 Feb 15, Ferdinand III
succeeded Ferdinand II as Holy Roman Emperor.
(440 Int’l., 2/15/99)
1637 Feb 15, Ferdinand II (58),
King of Bohemia, Hun, German Emperor (1619-37), died. Ferdinand III
succeeded him as Holy Roman Emperor.
(440 Int’l., 2/15/99)(MC, 2/15/02)
1640 Jun 9, Leopold I, Emperor of
the Holy Roman Empire (1658-1705), was born.
(HN
6/9/98)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor)
1647 Mar 14, The 1647 Treaty of
Ulm was reached between the French and the Bavarians during the Thirty
Years' War. In negotiations with the French, Maximilian I of Bavaria
abandoned his alliance with the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand III
through the Treaty of Ulm. In 1648 Bavaria returned to the side of the
emperor.
(HNQ, 11/7/98)
1648 Oct 24, The Peace of
Westphalia ended the German Thirty Years War and effectively destroyed
the Holy Roman Empire. The Peace of Westphalia ended the 30 Years War.
The war had spread from one end of Germany to the other, and left the
country a scene of desolation and disorder, wasted by fire, sword and
plague. The war was followed by great scarcity, due to the lack of
laborers. San Marino did not attend the conference or sign the treaty
because it had not been involved in the fighting, however it was linked
to states that were fighting and was therefore still at war with Sweden
until 1996 when an official end was declared.
(SFC, 5/17/96, p.A-14)(AP, 10/24/97)(HN, 10/24/98)
1670 Feb 14, Roman Catholic
emperor Leopold I chased the Jews out of Vienna.
(MC, 2/14/02)
1678 Jul 26, Joseph I Habsburg,
German king, Roman catholic emperor (1705-11), was born.
(MC, 7/26/02)
1688 Sep 6, Imperial troops
defeated the Turks and took Belgrade, Serbia.
(HN, 9/6/98)
1695 Sep 11, Imperial troops under
Eugene of Savoy defeated the Turks at the Battle of Zenta.
(HN, 9/11/98)
1705 May 5, Leopold I von Hapsburg
(b.1640), Emperor of Holy Roman Empire, died.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor)
1707 Aug 31, The Treaty or
Convention of Altranstädt was signed between Charles XII of Sweden
and Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor. It settled the rights of Protestants
in Silesia and forced Augustus the Strong to yield the Polish throne to
Stanisław Leszczyński (1677-1766).
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Altranst%C3%A4dt_%281707%29)
1713 Most European powers vowed to
respect the 1713 royal pronouncement of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles
VI, called the Pragmatic Sanction, in which he declared that if he had
no direct male heir upon his death, his Austrian domains would go to
his eldest daughter, Maria Theresa.
(HNQ, 7/29/99)
1719 Jan 23, Principality of
Liechtenstein was created within the Holy Roman Empire.
(MC, 1/23/02)
1719 Sep 23, Liechtenstein
declared independence from the German empire.
(MC, 9/23/01)
1740 The ignoring of the Pragmatic
Sanction of 1713 led to the War of the Austrian Succession in 1740.
When Charles VI died in 1740, Maria Theresa’s claim was ignored by
Elector Charles Albert of Bavaria, Augustus III of Saxony and Poland,
and Philip V of Spain, igniting a general European war.
(HNQ, 7/29/99)
1741 Mar 13, Jozef II, arch duke
of Austria, Roman Catholic German emperor (1765-90), was born.
(MC, 3/13/02)
1742 Jan 24, Charles VII was
crowned Holy Roman Emperor during the War of the Austrian Succession.
(AP, 1/24/07)
1748 The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
brought the war of Austrian Succession, which began in 1840, to an end
and upheld the Pragmatic Sanction.
(HNQ, 7/29/99)
1768 Feb 12, Francis II, the Last
Holy Roman Emperor (1792-1806), was born.
(HN, 2/12/98)(MC, 2/12/02)
1790 Feb 20, Holy Roman Emperor
Joseph II (48) died.
(AP, 2/20/98)(MC, 2/20/02)
1806 Aug 6, The Holy Roman Empire
went out of existence as Emperor Francis I abdicated.
(AP, 8/6/97)
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Subject = Holy Roman Empire
End of file.