Timeline Eighteenth Century: 1750-1770
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1750 Mar 5, The
1st American Shakespearean production, was an "altered" Richard III in
NYC.
(MC, 3/5/02)
1750 Mar 16, Caroline Lucretia
Herschel, 1st woman astronomer, was born in Hanover, Germany.
(MC, 3/16/02)
1750 May 20, Stephen Girard,
rescued U.S. bonds during War of 1812, actor, was born.
(HN, 5/20/98)
1750 Mar 23, Johannes Matthias
Sperger, composer, was born.
(SS, 3/23/02)
1750 May 23, Carlo Goldoni's "Il
Bugiardo," premiered in Mantua.
(MC, 5/23/02)
1750 May 29, Giuseppe Porsile
(70), composer, died.
(SC, 5/29/02)
1750 Jun 15, Marguerite De Launay,
Baronne Staal, French writer, died.
(HT, 6/15/00)
1750 Jul 28, Philippe Fabre
d'Eglantine, poet, satirist, politician, was born in France.
(SC, 7/28/02)
1750 Jul 28, Composer Johann
Sebastian Bach (65) died in Leipzig, Germany. In 2000 Christoff Wolff
authored the biography "Johann Sebastian Bach." In 2005 James Gaines
authored “Evening in the Palace of Reasoning,” a portrait of Bach in
1747.
(AP, 7/28/00)(WSJ, 8/2/00, p.A12)(SC, 7/28/02)(WSJ,
3/1/08, p.W8)
1750 Aug 18, Antonio Salieri
(d.1825), Italian composer (Tatare), was born.
(WSJ, 1/14/04, p.D10)(MC, 8/18/02)
1750 Aug 24, Laetitia
Bonaparte-Ramolino, mother of Napoleon, was born.
(MC, 8/24/02)
1750 Sep 5, A decree issued in
Paderborn, Prussia, allowed for annual search of all Jewish homes for
stolen or "doubtful" goods.
(MC, 9/5/01)
1750 Sep 14, Carl T. Pachelbel
(b.1690), German-born US organist and composer, died. He was the
younger brother of Johann Pachelbel.
(www.iwchorale.org/Charles_Theodore_Pachelbel.htm)
1750 Oct 5, Carlo Goldoni's "Il
Teatro Comica," premiered in Venice.
(MC, 10/5/01)
1750 Oct 23, Nicolas Appert, the
inventor of canning, was born. [see Oct 23, 1752]
(HN, 10/23/00)
1750 Nov 1, Giuseppe Sammartini
(55), composer, died.
(MC, 11/1/01)
1750 Nov 23, Giuseppe Sammartini
(55), composer, died.
(MC, 11/23/01)
1750 Nov 27, Anton Thadaus Johann
Nepomuk Stamitz, composer, was born.
(MC, 11/27/01)
1750 Dec 17, Deborah Sampson, was
born. She fought in the American Revolution as a man under the alias
Robert Shurtleff. In 1797 she authored a memoir. In 2004 Alfred F.
Young authored "Masquerade: The Life and Times of Deborah Sampson,
Continental Soldier.
(MC, 12/17/01)(SSFC, 4/11/04, p.M4)
1750 By this year slavery was
legal in all of the 13 colonies of America.
(SFC, 12/18/96, p.A25)
c1750 In Early America, sack,
caraco, and mantua referred to styles of colonial dresses. The sack had
a square-cut neckline and long trains hanging from the shoulders. A
caraco was a middle-length gown that flared over panniers, which were
hoops used to add fullness at the sides of a woman's skirt. A mantua
was a loose-fitting gown that was folded back around the hips and tied
at the waist.
(HNQ, 2/3/99)
1750 Teedyuscung, a Lenape Indian,
joined the Christian mission of Gnadenhutten, founded by Swiss Moravian
settlers in the Lehigh Valley town of Bethlehem.
(ON, 1/03, p.6)
1750 Benjamin Franklin sent up a
kite during a thunderstorm and established that lightning is a form of
electricity.
(V.D.-H.K.p.269)
1750 Thomas Wright, English
astronomer, put forward the idea that the appearance of the Milky Way
is evidence that the stars near the solar system are arranged in a
flat, disk-like structure. (galacticos means milky in Greek).
(JST-TMC,1983, p.7)
1750 The Jesuits at the Univ. of
Graz in Austria assumed a leading role in the reception of the work of
Isaac Newton.
(StuAus, April '95, p.53)
1750 A Welshman opened the first
modern shoe factory in Lynn, Mass.
(WSJ, 4/25/00, p.A24)
1750 The US population was about
18 million people.
(NOHY, 3/1990, p.222)
1750 The disparity in per capita
income between the richest and poorest countries of the world was about
5 to 1. Between Western Europe and India it was about 1.5 to 1. By 1998
the ratio was about 400 to 1.
(SFEC, 3/22/98, BR p.8)
1750 The Ais Indians of Florida
were wiped out. In 2004 a site on Hutchinson Island, inhabited by the
Ais, revealed 2 thousand year old burials.
(Arch, 1/05, p.13)
c1750 The Blackfeet Indians were
among the last Native American tribes to acquire horses.
(SFC, 9/2/96, p.A3)
c1750 A caldera erupted in the
middle of Mono Lake, California.
(SFC, 8/20/01, p.A6)
c1750 In China's northeastern
Hebei province large wooden figures were built in Puning Temple
following a military victory. A 50-foot Buddhist boy and dragon
princess were built to guard the deity Avalokitesvara.
(SSFC, 11/9/03, p.C7)
1750 By this year Vienna, England,
Italy and France all began producing porcelain.
(Hem, 6/96, p.112)
1750 Germany returned the island
of Aero, which measures 22 by 6 miles, to Denmark.
(SSFC, 7/29/07, p.G3)
1750 The Mexican border town of
Guerrero was founded. It became Guerrero Viejo in 1953 after a new dam
and flood covered the old town and residents moved to the new Guerrero
Nuevo.
(SFC, 6/4/98, p.C16)
1750 The Spanish treasure ship La
Galga sank. It was later believed that the wild ponies of Chincoteague
Island off the coast of Virginia came from this ship.
(USAT, 5/7/98, p.9A)(WSJ, 7/17/98, p.A1)
1750 Khurasan [was renamed]
Afghanistan.
(www.afghan, 5/25/98)
1750 The first African slaves
arrived in Montevideo, Uruguay. They brought along what was later
recognized as Candombe music.
(SFC, 8/17/00, p.A18)
1750-1753 The Wilton mansion on the James River in
Virginia was built to house William Randolph III, his wife Anne Carter
Harrison and their 8 children. It was later moved and reconstructed in
West Richmond as the headquarters of the National Society of The
Colonial Dames of America.
(SFC, 10/17/98, p.A8)
1750-1799 Ho-Shen rose to power in China as the
confidante to Emperor Kao-tsung. He served as a customs superintendent
and pocketed a fortune by prolonging military campaigns and pocketing
sums allocated to the military. He was arrested when the emperor died
and died in prison.
(WSJ, 1/11/98, p.R10)
1750-1831 Stephen Girard, French born American banker
and philanthropist. He arrived in Philadelphia as a shipper and opened
a grocery. His secret trade with the British made him a small fortune
which he used to open a bank in 1812. He helped finance the War of 1812
for a 10% commission. He left most of his $7.5 million estate to a
school for orphaned boys.
(WSJ, 1/2/97, p.6)(WSJ, 1/11/98, p.R10)
c1750-1880s In Scotland this was the period of the
Clearances. The peasants were swept aside to allow clan chiefs to raise
sheep on clan lands until protests on the isle of Skye led to legal
reform for the Highlands.
(SFEC, 6/29/97, p.T9)
1751 Feb 16, Thomas Gray's poem
"Elegy Written in a Country Church Yard" was 1st published.
(MC, 2/16/02)
1751 Feb 25, The 1st performing
monkey exhibited in America was in NYC.
(MC, 2/25/02)
1751 Mar 16, James Madison
(d.1836), Jefferson’s successor as secretary of state and fourth
president of the United States (1809-17), was born in Port Conway, Va.
He invented the 1787 electoral college system "to break the tyranny of
the majority." "If men were angels, no government would be necessary."
Pierce Butler of South Carolina first proposed the electoral college
system. [see 1787]
(V.D.-H.K.p.222)(SFEC, 11/24/96, Z1 p.2)(AP,
3/16/97)(AP, 10/27/97)(HN, 3/16/98)(SFC, 11/9/00, p.A14)(WSJ, 11/9/00,
p.A26)
1751 Apr 3, Jean-Baptiste Lamoyne,
composer, was born.
(MC, 4/3/02)
1751 May 11, The 1st US hospital
was founded in Pennsylvania. [see Feb 11, 1752]
(MC, 5/11/02)
1751 Jul 28, In France the 1st
volume of the Encyclopedie, edited by Diderot and D’Alembert, was
published with a print run of 1,625.
(ON, 4/05, p.8)
1751 Jul 30, Maria A. [Nannerl]
Mozart, Austrian pianist, Wolfgang's sister, was born.
(MC, 7/30/02)
1751 Aug 24, Thomas Colley was
executed in England for drowning a supposed witch.
(MC, 8/24/02)
1751 Aug 30, Georg Friedrich
Handel completed his last oratorio "Jephtha."
(LGC-HCS, p.41)(MC, 8/30/01)
1751 Aug 31, English troops under
sir Robert Clive occupied Arcot India.
(MC, 8/31/01)
1751 Sep 1, Emmanuel Johann Joseph
Schikaneder, actor, librettist (The Magic Flute), was born.
(MC, 9/1/02)
1751 Sep 13, Henry Kobell, Dutch
painter and cartoonist, was born.
(MC, 9/13/01)
1751 Sep 28, George Washington
(19), accompanied his sick older half-brother Lawrence to Barbados.
Lawrence had been advised that the island’s climate might help restore
his ill health. The brothers left Virginia on September 28 and arrived
at Bridgetown, Barbados, November 3. George, who survived the smallpox
while in Barbados, left Lawrence on December 21 and arrived back in
Virginia on January 28, 1752.
(HNQ, 12/16/99)
1751 Oct 30 Richard Brinsley
Sheridan (d.1816), Irish-born statesman and dramatist, spent most of
life in England. His plays included "The School for Scandal" with
Georgiana Cavendish as Lady Teazle, "The Rivals" and "the Critic." He
also wrote the comic opera "The Duenna." In 1998 Fintan O’Toole wrote
the biography "A Traitor’s Kiss: The Life of Richard Brinsley."
(SFEC, 11/1/98, BR p.4)(WSJ, 1/7/00, p.W4)(HN,
10/30/00)
1751 Dec 23, France set plans to
tax clergymen.
(MC, 12/23/01)
1751 William Hogarth made his
print series "The Four Stages of Cruelty." It illustrated that
indulgence in vice caused corruption and cruelty.
(SFC, 1/28/98, p.E1)
1751 Pietro Longhi painted
“Exhibition of a Rhinocerous at Venice.” It depicted Clara, a touring
Indian rhinoceros owned by Dutch sea captain Douwemout Van der Meer.
(SSFC, 3/27/05, p.E1)
1751 Voltaire published
"Micromegas" in which he mentioned "aliens from outer space." This is
believed to be the first mention of such aliens in literature.
(SFEC, 1/25/98, Z1 p.8)
1751 Handel lost his sight.
(LGC-HCS, p.37)
1751 The Liu clan built its
ancestral hall called Liu Man Shek Tong in Hong Kong.
(Hem., Dec. '95, p.160)
1751 In England Henry Pelham’s
Whig government created the 3% consol. It paid 3% and consolidated the
terms on a variety of previous issues with no maturity date.
(Econ, 12/24/05, p.105)
1751 In Mexico on the Baha
Peninsula the mission of St. Gertrude the Great was initiated and
called "La Piedad" by Father Fernando Consag.
(WSJ, 12/26/97, p.A9)
1752 Jan 1, Betsy Ross (Elizabeth
Griscom Ross), flag maker who contributed to the design of the American
flag, was born.
(HN, 1/1/99)(MC, 1/1/02)
1752 Jan 23, Muzio Clementi,
Italian composer, was born.
(MC, 1/23/02)
1752 Feb 7, Publication, sale and
distribution of the 1st 2 volumes of the Encyclopedie were summarily
forbidden by order of King Louis XV. Chretien de Malesherbes, the
French director of publications, managed to broker a compromise that
included a layer of censorship and a 3rd volume was published by the
end of 1753.
(ON, 4/05, p.9)
1752 Feb 11, Pennsylvania
Hospital, the 1st hospital in the US, opened.
(MC, 2/11/02)
1752 Mar 13, Josef Reicha,
composer, was born.
(MC, 3/13/02)
1752 Mar 22, Johann Georg Joseph
Spangler, composer, was born.
(MC, 3/22/02)
1752 Mar 23, Pope Stephen II was
elected to succeed Zacharias. He died 2 days later.
(MC, 3/23/02)
1752 March 25 marked the first
issue of the Halifax Gazette.
(CFA, '96, p.42)
1752 Apr 4, Niccolo Antonio
Zingarelli, composer (Andromeda), was born.
(MC, 4/4/02)
1752 May 4, Pieter Snyers (71),
Flemish painter, engraver, died.
(MC, 5/4/02)
1752 May 10, Benjamin Franklin 1st
tested his lightning rod. [see Jun 15]
(MC, 5/10/02)
1752 May 11, The 1st US fire
insurance policy issued in Philadelphia.
(MC, 5/11/02)
1752 Jun 10, Ben Franklin's kite
was struck by lightning. [see May 10, Jun 15]
(MC, 6/10/02)
1752 Jun 13, Fanny Burney, English
writer, was born.
(HN, 6/13/01)
1752 Jun 15, Benjamin Franklin and
his son tested the relationship between electricity and lightning by
flying a kite in a thunder storm. [see May 10]
(HN, 6/15/01)
1752 Jul 7, Joseph Marie Jacquard,
inventor of the first loom that could weave patterns, was born.
(HN, 7/7/98)
1752 Jul 20, John C. Pepusch (85),
English composer (Beggar's Opera), died.
(MC, 7/20/02)
1752 Sep 1, The Liberty Bell
arrived in Philadelphia.
(MC, 9/1/02)
1752 Sep 3, The Gregorian
Adjustment to the calendar was put into effect in Great Britain and the
American colonies followed. At this point in time 11 days needed to be
accounted for and Sept. 2 was selected to be followed by Sept. 14.
People rioted thinking the government stole 11 days of their lives.
[see Oct 5, 1582]
(K.I.-365D, p.97)(SFEC, 9/27/98, BR p.5)(MC, 9/3/01)
1752 Sep 18, Adrien-Marie
Lagendre, mathematician, worked on elliptic integrals, was born.
(MC, 9/18/01)
1752 Oct 18, The opera "Le Devin
du Village" by Jean-Jacques Rousseau premiered.
(MC, 10/18/01)
1752 Oct 23, Nicolas Appert,
inventor (food canning, bouillon tablet), was born. [see Oct 23, 1750]
(MC, 10/23/01)
1752 Nov
3, Georg Friedrich Handel underwent eye surgery to remove a cataract by
William Bromfield, Surgeon to the Princess of Wales, to restore his
sight. The operation was only a short-term success.
(http://gfhandel.org/)
1752 Nov 19, George Rogers Clark,
frontier military leader in Revolutionary War, was born.
(MC, 11/19/01)
1752 Nov 20, Thomas Chatterton
(d.1770), English poet (Christabel), was born. His early death marked
him as the "prototype of the fragile poet withered by the hostility of
philistines."
(WSJ, 1/15/98, p.A17)(MC, 11/20/01)
1752 Gouverneur Morris (d.1816),
chief writer of the US Constitution (1787), was born in NY. Morrisania,
the family manor, stretched for 1,900 acres from the Harlem River to
Long Island Sound in what later became the Bronx.
(WSJ, 5/28/03, p.D8)
1752 George Berkeley (1685-1753),
Irish bishop and philosopher, wrote a poem that included the line
"Westward the course of empire takes its way." The line later inspired
the founders of Berkeley, Ca., to name their city and university after
Berkeley.
(SFEC, 4/18/99, Z1 p.2)
1752 In the summer of this year
Benjamin Franklin installed the world’s 1st lightning rods at the
Pennsylvania State House.
(WSJ, 8/15/05, p.D8)
1752 The first Mission at the town
of Loreto on the Baha Peninsula was completed. Father George Retz moved
north from Mission St. Ignatius, where he had studied the Cochimi
language, and formally established "La Piedad" as the mission of St.
Gertrude the Great.
(SFEC, 5/18/97, p.T5)(WSJ, 12/26/97, p.A9)
1752 James Ayscough advertised his
invention of spectacles with double-hinged side pieces.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R21)
1752 In Russia Abram Petrovich
Gannibal became a Major-General and was appointed in charge of all
military engineering.
(www.shaebia.org/wwwboard/contributedarticles/messages/58.html)
1752-1840 Fanny Burney, English writer. Her books
included "Evelina." In 1911 she underwent a mastectomy without
anesthesia. In 2001 Claire Harman authored the biography: "Fanny
Burney."
(SSFC, 12/23/01, p.M5)
1753 May 8, Miguel Hidalgo y
Castilla, the father of Mexican independence, was born.
(HN, 5/8/98)(MC, 5/8/02)
1753 Mar 9, Jean-Baptiste Kleber,
French general, architect, was born.
(MC, 3/9/02)
1753 Mar 17, The 1st official St
Patrick's Day was celebrated.
(MC, 3/17/02)
1753 Mar 25, Voltaire left the
court of Frederik II of Prussia.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1753 Mar 26, Benjamin Thompson
(d.1814), Count Rumford, English physicist and diplomat, was born. He
was a Tory spy in the American Revolution and discovered that heat
equaled motion, which led to the 2nd law of thermodynamics.
(WUD, 1994, p.1477)(WSJ, 7/28/98, p.A16)(SS, 3/26/02)
1753 Apr 5, British Museum formed.
It opened in 1759.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R53)(MC, 4/5/02)
1753 Apr 28, Franz K. Achard,
German physicist, was born.
(MC, 4/28/02)
1753 May 6, French King Louis XV
observed a transit of Mercury at Mendon Castle.
(MC, 5/6/02)
1753 May 9, King Louis XV
disbanded the French parliament.
(MC, 5/9/02)
1753 May 29, Joseph Haydn’s
"Krumme Teufel" premiered.
(SC, 5/29/02)
1753 May 31, Pierre V. Vergniaud,
French politician, Girondin orator (guillotined in 1793), was born.
(MC, 5/31/02)
1753 Jun 7, Britain's King George
II gave his assent to an Act of Parliament establishing the British
Museum [see Apr 5].
(AP, 6/7/04)
1753 Jul 4, Jean-Pierre-Francois
Blanchard (d.1809), French balloonist, was born. He made the 1st
balloon flights in England and US.
(www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/AVblanchard.htm)
1753 Jul 7, English parliament
granted Jews English citizenship.
(MC, 7/7/02)
1753 Jul 26, Georg Richmann
(b.1711), German physicist, died of electrocution in St. Petersburg,
Russia. Reportedly, ball lightning traveled along the apparatus and was
the cause of his death. He was apparently the first person in history
to die while conducting electrical experiments.
(Econ, 3/29/08,
p.104)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Richmann)
1753 Aug 3, Charles Earl Stanhope,
radical politician, scientist, was born in England.
(SC, 8/3/02)
1753 Aug 4, George Washington
became a master mason.
(MC, 8/4/02)
1753 Aug 10, Edmund Jennings
Randolph, governor of Virginia and first U.S. attorney general, was
born.
(HN, 8/10/00)
1753 Aug 12, Thomas Bewick
(d.1828), artist (British Birds, Aesop's Fables) was born in England.
(http://www.nndb.com/people/067/000094782/)
1753 Aug 19, [Johann] Balthasar
Neumann (66), German architect, died.
(MC, 8/19/02)
1753 Sep 9, The 1st steam engine
arrived in US colonies.
(MC, 9/9/01)
1753 Oct 12, Sir Danvers Osborn
(b.1715), British colonial governor of New York, hanged himself 5 days
after arriving in NYC. His wife had recently died and the New York
assembly refused to support him in the style he felt his rank deserved.
(Econ, 1/12/08,
p.75)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danvers_Osborn)
1753 Oct, Robert Dinwiddie,
governor of Virginia, called a meeting to discuss the eviction of
British settlers from homesteads west of the Appalachian Mountains by
French soldiers from Canada. Major George Washington volunteered to
deliver a letter of trespass to French authorities in the Ohio Valley.
(ON, 9/05, p.1)
1753 Nov 30, Johann Baptist
Schenk, composer, was born.
(MC, 11/30/01)
1753 Nov 30, Benjamin Franklin
received Godfrey Copley Penny ("A penny saved...!").
(MC, 11/30/01)
1753 Dec 3, Samuel Crompton,
English inventor (mule-jenny spinning machine), was born.
(MC, 12/3/01)
1753 Dec 12, George Washington,
the adjutant of Virginia, delivered an ultimatum to the French forces
at Fort Le Boeuf, south of Lake Erie, reiterating Britain’s claim to
the entire Ohio river valley. Washington (22) was sent by Gov. Robert
Dinwiddie to warn the French soldiers that they were trespassing on
English territory.
(HN, 12/12/98)(WSJ, 2/10/00, p.A16)
1753 Dec 14, French Captain
Jacques Le Gardeur rejected the pretensions of the English to ownership
of the Ohio Valley, but promised to forward Virginia Gov. Dinwiddie’s
letter of trespass to his superiors in Canada.
(ON, 9/05, p.2)
1753 Benjamin Franklin use the
pages of his Poor Richard’s Almanac to make a case for using lightning
rods atop tall structures making storms less dangerous.
(WSJ, 8/15/05, p.D8)
1753 In the Virginia Piedmont
Boswell’s Tavern was built and for some 150 years served horseback
riders flagons of spirit through a barred window. The ride-up window
thus predates the drive-in window.
(SFEC, 1/25/98, Z1 p.8)
1753 The observation by Dr. James
Lind, British naval surgeon, that fresh fruits and vegetables could
cure scurvy marked the beginning of nutritional epidemiology. He
conducted tests that showed the beneficial effects of lemons and
oranges in treating the disease.
(MT, Fall ‘96, p.4)(ON, 4/01, p.8)
1753 Smallpox hit North America
and a 38% infection rate was recorded in Boston. Benjamin Franklin
lobbied for variolation.
(NW, 10/14/02, p.47)
1753 In Sweden Linnaeus
(1707-1778), father of systematics, authored “Species Plantarum,” a
compilation of some 6,000 plants from around the world.
(NH, 4/1/04, p.39)
1753 Peter Kalm, Swedish-born
naturalist, published the first of his 3 volumes of “Travels in North
America,” which described his 1748-1751 trip there. It was Linnaeus and
the Swedish Royal Academy that had sent Kalm to America. Kalm later
spent much of his life as a professor at Turku, Finland. In 2007 Paula
Ivaska Robbins authored “The Travels of Peter Kalm.
(WSJ, 11/17/07, p.W11)
1754 Jan 3, Joseph Black, a
medical student at the Univ. of Edinburgh, rediscovered carbon dioxide
after pouring acid into a tall glass containing some chalk Black had
read Helmont’s memoirs and so knew of gas sylvestris. A candle near the
glass was snuffed out due to the outpouring of carbon dioxide. He also
found that carbon dioxide will precipitate out of limewater when
exposed to a strong source of carbon dioxide gas. Black later attained
a professorship and had James Watt, engine-builder, as one of his first
assistants.
(NOHY, 3/90, p.5,42)
1754 Jan 4, Columbia University
was founded as Kings College in NYC. [see July 7]
(MC, 1/4/02)
1754 Jan 6, Major George
Washington, while returning to Virginia, encountered a party of English
settlers and militiamen at Will’s Creek sent by Gov. Dinwiddie to
establish a fort and trading post at the Forks of the Ohio.
(ON, 9/05, p.2)
1754 Feb 2, Charles Maurice de
Tallyrand-Perigord (d.1838), minister of foreign affairs for Napoleon
I, was born. He represented France brilliantly at the Congress of
Vienna.
(WUD, 1994, p.1450)(HN, 2/2/99)
1754 Feb 13, Charles-Maurice duke
of Talleyrand-Perigord, French bishop, Napoleon's Foreign Minister,
statesman (1815), was born.
(MC, 2/13/02)
1754 Apr 2, A small expeditionary
force of 159 men under Lt. Col. George Washington arrived at Will’s
Creek and learned that the French had taken over the new Fort Prince
George at the Forks of the Ohio from British soldiers and frontiersmen
and renamed it Fort Duquesne.
(ON, 9/05, p.2)
1754 Apr, Teedyuscung, a Lenape
Indian, joined the Iraquois Indians in the Wyoming Valley along the
banks of the Susquehanna River.
(ON, 1/03, p.6)
1754 May 9, The first American
newspaper cartoon was published. The illustration in Benjamin
Franklin's Pennsylvania Gazette showed a snake cut into sections, each
part representing an American colony; the caption read, "Join or die."
(AP, 5/9/97)(HN, 5/9/98)
1754 May 12, Franz Anton
Hoffmeister, composer, was born.
(MC, 5/12/02)
1754 May 28, Col. George
Washington led a 40-man detachment that defeated French and Indian
forces in a skirmish near Great Meadows, Pa.
(ON, 9/05, p.3)
1754 Jul 3, George Washington
surrendered the small, circular Fort Necessity (later Pittsburgh) in
southwestern Pennsylvania to the French, leaving them in control of the
Ohio Valley. This marked the beginning of the French and Indian War
also called the 7 Years' War. In 2005 Fred Anderson authored “The War
That Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War.”
(HN, 7/13/98)(Arch, 1/05, p.46)(WSJ, 12/14/05, p.D15)
1754 Jul 7, King's College in New
York City opened. The school was renamed Columbia College 30 years
later. [see Jan 4]
(AP, 7/7/97)
1754 Jul 11, Thomas Bowdler, the
famous prude who bowdlerized Shakespeare, was born.
(PGA, 12/9/98)
1754 Aug 2, Pierre Charles
L'Enfant, French engineer who designed the layout of Washington, D.C.
(1791), was born.
(HN, 8/2/98)
1754 Aug 23, Louis XVI (d.1793),
King of France (1774-1793), was born at Versailles. During the
French Revolution he met his fate at the guillotine. He was the
grandson of Louis XV and married Marie Antoinette.
(AP, 8/23/97)(HN, 8/23/98)
1754 Sep 9, William Bligh,
legendary captain of HMS Bounty, was born. [see Sep 10]
(MC, 9/9/01)
1754 Sep 10, William Bligh, was
born. He was the British naval officer who was the victim of two
mutinies, the most famous on the HMS Bounty which was taken over by
Fletcher Christian in 1789. [see Sep 9]
(HN, 9/10/98)
1754 Oct 8, Henry Fielding
(b.1707), English lawyer and author, died at 47. He wrote "Tom Jones"
in 1749. A film based on the novel was made in 1963. A TV production
premiered in 1998.
(SFEM, 11/24/96, p.59)(SFC, 4/2/98, p.E1)(MC,
10/8/01)
1754 Oct 13, American
Revolutionary War heroine Molly Pitcher was born. During the American
Revolution, at the Battle of Monmouth, NJ, Molly helped out as a water
carrier, gaining her nickname, Molly Pitcher. Her husband,
John, was wounded during the battle and Molly dropped the water
pitcher, taking up her husband's job of loading and firing a cannon.
General George Washington appointed her a noncommissioned
officer. [see Jun 28, 1778]
(MC, 10/13/01)
1754 Nov 29, The Gnadenhutten
mission, Pa., was attacked by renegade Lenape Indians and 11 white
people were killed.
(ON, 1/03, p.7)
1754 Dec, Lt. Col. George
Washington resigned his commission.
(ON, 9/05, p.5)
1754 Joseph Goupy caricatured
Handel as a fat pig playing the keyboard in his drawing: "The Charming
Brute." For this Handel struck Goupy from his will.
(LGC-HCS, p.41)
1754 Thomas Chippendale published
the first English book on furniture designs. He was also an upholsterer
and a cabinetmaker.
(SFC,12/17/97, Z1 p.16)
1754 Under instructions from
Governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia, Col. Jas. Innes established a fort at
Wills Creek (Maryland).
(www.rootsweb.com/~mdallegh/cumberla.htm)
1754 The Royal Society of Arts was
established in Britain. Its mission statement was: “the encouragement
of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, in Great Britain, by bestowing
Rewards, from Time to Time, for such Productions, Inventions, or
Improvements, as shall tend to the Employing of the Poor, to the
Increase of Trade, and to the Riches and Honour of this Kingdom, by the
Promoting Industry and Emulation.”
(www.adelphicharter.org/RSA_and_Intellectual_Property.asp)
1754 The Carouge area of Geneva
was ceded to the Kingdom of Sardinia.
(SSFC, 1/7/01, p.T8)
1754-1757 Osman III succeeded Mahmud I in the Ottoman
House of Osman.
(Ot, 1993, xvii)
1754-1824 Joseph Joubert, French moralist. "Kindness
consists in loving people more than they deserve." "To be capable of
respect is today almost as rare as to be worthy of it."
(AP, 3/22/97)(AP, 1/22/99)
1755 Jan 12, Tsarina Elisabeth
established the 1st Russian University.
(MC, 1/12/02)
1755 Feb 20, General Edward
Braddock arrived from Great Britain to assume command of British forces
in America and to lead the Virginia troops against the French and
Indians in the Ohio Valley.
(PCh, 1992, p.303)
1755 Mar 12, The 1st steam engine
in America was installed to pump water from a mine.
(MC, 3/12/02)
1755 Mar 14, Pierre-Louis
Couperin, composer, was born.
(MC, 3/14/02)
1755 Mar 24, Rufus King, framer of
the U.S. Constitution, was born.
(HN, 3/24/98)
1755 Apr 1, Jean Anthelme
Brillat-Savarin, French lawyer (Fisiologia del Gusto), was born.
(MC, 4/1/02)
1755 Apr 10, Samuel Hahnemann,
German physician, was born.
(MC, 4/10/02)
1755 Apr 11, James Parkinson,
English physician, was born.
(HN, 4/11/01)
1755 Apr 15, Dr. Samuel Johnson,
English writer, published his “Dictionary of the English Language,” a
selective English dictionary, after 9 years of work. The 1st edition
had 42,773 entries. In 2005 Henry Hitchings authored “Defining the
World,” an account of Johnson’s work.
(WSJ, 9/14/98, p.A30)(HN, 4/15/01)(WSJ, 10/12/05,
p.D13)
1755 Jun 6, Nathan Hale(1776),
American patriot who said "My only regret is that I have but one life
to give for my country," was born. He was hanged by the British as a
spy during the American Revolution
(CFA, '96, p.48)(WUD, 1994, p.637)(HN, 6/6/98)
1755 Jun 14, In England the first
edition of Dr. Johnson's "Dictionary" was published.
(WSJ, 9/14/98, p.A30)(MC, 6/14/02)
1755 Jun 16, British captured Fort
Beausejour and expelled the Acadians. The Accadians of Nova Scotia were
uprooted by an English governor and forced to leave. Some 10,000 people
moved to destinations like Maine and Louisiana. Some moved to
Iles-de-la-Madeleine off Quebec. The Longfellow story "Evangeline" is
based on this displacement.
(SFEC, 8/22/99, p.T8,9)(SSFC, 6/2/02, p.C7)(MC,
6/16/02)
1755 Jun 30, Philippines closed
all non-Catholic Chinese restaurants.
(MC, 6/30/02)
1755 Jul 5, Sarah Siddons
(d.1831), actress, was born at the Leg of Mutton Inn in Wales. She rose
to fame as a protégée of Richard Brinsley Sheridan at the
Drury Lane Theater and gained fame playing Lady Macbeth in Macbeth.
(HN, 7/5/98)(WSJ, 7/27/99, p.A21)
1755 Jul 6, John Flaxman, the
English sculptor who designed much of Wedgwood's original pottery, was
born.
(MC, 7/6/02)
1755 Jul 8, Britain broke off
diplomatic relations with France as their disputes in the New World
intensified.
(HN, 7/8/98)
1755 Jul 9, General Edward
Braddock was mortally wounded when French and Indian troops ambushed
his force of British regulars and colonial militia, which was on its
way to attack France's Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh). Gen. Braddock's
troops were decimated at Fort Duquesne, where he refused to accept
George Washington's advice on frontier style fighting. British Gen'l.
Braddock gave his bloody sash to George Washington at Fort Necessity
just before he died on Jul 13.
(A & IP, ESM, p.11)(HN, 7/9/98)(WSJ, 1/5/98,
p.A20)
1755 Jul 13, Edward Braddock (60),
British general, died following the July 9, 1755 battle at Fort
Duquesne (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). Out of the 1,400 British soldiers
who were in involved in the battle, 900 of them died. Future President
George Washington carried Braddock from the field and officiated at his
burial ceremony. The general was buried in a road his men had built.
The army then marched over the grave to obliterate any traces of it and
continued to eastern Pennsylvania. After the French and Indian War
(1754-1763), the Braddock Road remained a main road. In 1804, some
workmen discovered human remains in the road near where Braddock was
supposed to have been buried. The remains were re-interred on a small
knoll adjacent to the road. In 1913 the marker was placed there.
Braddock was born in Perthshire, Scotland, about 1695, the son of
Major-General Edward Braddock (died 1725).
(www.nps.gov/fone/braddock.htm)
1755 Aug 23, Jean Baptiste
Lislet-Geoffroy, French geographer, was born.
(HN, 8/23/98)
1755 Sep 8, British forces under
William Johnson and 250 Indians defeated the French and their allied
Indians at the Battle of Lake George, NY.
(HN, 9/8/98)(SSFC, 4/23/06, p.G6)
1755 Sep 13, Bertrand Barere,
French Revolutionist, was born in Tarbes.
(MC, 9/13/01)
1755 Sep 18, Ft. Ticonderoga
opened in NY.
(MC, 9/18/01)
1755 Sep 24, John Marshall, fourth
chief justice of the Supreme Court (1801-35), and U.S. secretary of
state, was born.
(HN, 9/24/98)(MC, 9/24/01)
1755 Sep 30, Francesco Durante,
composer, died at 71.
(MC, 9/30/01)
1755 Oct 24, A British expedition
against the French held Fort Niagara in Canada ended in failure.
(HN, 10/24/98)
1755 Nov 1, An 8.7 earthquake hit
Lisbon, Portugal, and killed some 70,000 people. Heavy damage resulted
from ensuing fires and tsunami flooding in Morocco and nearly a quarter
of a million people were killed. In 2008 Nicholas Shrady authored “The
Last Day: Wrath, Ruin and Reason in the Great Lisbon Earthquake.”
(HN,
11/1/98)(http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/eqsmosde.html)(Econ, 4/5/08,
p.86)
1755 Nov 2, Marie Antoinette
(d.1793), Queen of France, was born. She was the daughter of Maria
Theresa and Francis I; and wife of Louis XVI in 1770 and thus Queen of
France. She was arrested by the Revolutionary Tribunal and beheaded on
Oct. 15, 1793.
(CFA, '96, p.58)(HN, 11/2/98)
1755 Nov 12, Gerhard JD von
Scharnhorst, Prussian military minister of War (1807-10), was born.
(MC, 11/12/01)
1755 Nov 17, Louis XVIII, 1st
post-revolutionary king of France (1814-24), was born.
(HN, 11/17/98)(MC, 11/17/01)
1755 Nov 18, The Cape Ann (Boston)
earthquake, estimated at 6.0-6.5, hit the east coast from the
Chesapeake Bay to Nova Scotia.
(http://geology.about.com/library/bl/blboston1755eq.htm)
1755 Dec 3, Gilbert Stewart,
portrait painter, was born.
(HN, 12/3/00)
1755 Dec 31, Teedyuscung, a Lenape
Indian, led 30 Lenape Indians on a raid against English plantations
along the Delaware River. Over the next few days his band killed 7 men
and took 5 prisoners.
(ON, 1/03, p.6)
1755 William Russell Birch
(d.1834), artist, was born in Warwickshire. He settled in Philadelphia
with his son in 1794 and in 1800 published 28 drawn and engraved
hand-colored images of Philadelphia.
(SFC, 5/18/02, p.E6)
1755 Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote
his "Discourse on the Origin of Inequality," in which he denounced
private property as the root of all evil.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)
1755 Benjamin Franklin, a patriot
of the American Revolution, served as a colonel of the Pennsylvania
militia in the French and Indian War. Benjamin Franklin, at forty-nine,
had already lived through two wars between the French and the English
and their colonists. His face was puffy and smooth from gout, his
once-powerful swimmer’s body overweight and rounded into a barrel
shape. In recent years Benjamin had emerged as the pivot of power in
Pennsylvania. His highly successful publishing business, coupled with
his profitable post as deputy postmaster general for the six northern
colonies, afforded him leisure time for scientific experiments as well
as political activities.
(HNQ, 8/6/01)
1755 The “last specimen” of a dodo
bird, a stuffed but rotted relic, was burned at the Ashmoleum Museum at
Oxford, England. Fortunately, someone removed the head and the foot of
the specimen and saved them. In 1996 by David Quammen authored
The Song of the Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinctions. In
2003 Clara Pinto-Correia authored “Return of the Crazy Bird.” The
London Museum of natural History later displayed a mounted specimen of
Raphus cucullatus.
(www.complete-review.com/reviews/divsci/pintocc.htm)(http://tinyurl.com/c9zpyw)
1755 Watanabe Shiko (b.1683),
Japanese painter based in Kyoto, died.
(SFC, 12/8/05, p.E12)
1755 The annual 12-day
Bergkirchweih beer festival began in Erlangen, Germany.
(SSFC, 4/30/06, p.G7)
1755 Arthur Guinness began brewing
a dark-brown stout in the town of Leixlip, Ireland.
(WSJ, 9/12/08, p.B7)
1755 In Mexico the Holy
Inquisition began using the dungeon at the fortress of San Juan de Ulua
in Vera Cruz.
(SFEC, 5/17/98, p.T12)
1755-1758 The French and Indian Wars began in the US.
(A & IP, ESM, p.11)
1755-1828 Gilbert Stuart, American painter. He
painted over 70 portraits of George Washington.
(AAP, 1964)(WUD, 1994, p.1410)(WSJ, 2/4/00, p.W12)
1755-1831 Hannah Adams was the first American woman
to make a living as a writer. Her work included "A Summary History of
New England."
(SFEC, 8/27/00, Z1 p.2)
1755-1835 Louis Zara (d.2001 at 91) covered this
period of the Eastern Mississippi Valley in his 1940 historical novel
"This Land Is Ours."
(SFC, 10/24/01, p.C6)
1756 Jan 27, Wolfgang Amadeus
Mozart (d.1791) was born on Gertreiderstrasse in Salzburg, Austria, the
son of violinist and composer Leopold Mozart. He later played string
quartets with Johan Baptist Vanhal, Haydn and Dittersdorf. The young
Mozart began composing minuets at age 5 and, with his older sister
Marianne, gave concerts in Munich and Vienna from age 6. At 13, Mozart
became director of concerts for the archbishop of Salzburg and in 1782
he married Constanze Weber against her father's wishes. Although Mozart
gave piano concerts throughout Europe and composed more than 600 works,
including 40 symphonies, he and his wife were plagued by debt. When
Mozart died in 1791, probably of heart disease, he was buried in an
unmarked pauper's grave. It was not until his works were published, in
many cases near the end of the 19th century, that Mozart's genius
became widely recognized. His works included "The Marriage of Figaro"
and "The Magic Flute." In 2005 Stanley Sadie authored “Mozart: The
Early Years,” which chronicled Mozart’s life to age 25.
(SFEC, 9/8/96, Par p.11)(HNPD, 1/26/99)(HN,
1/27/99)(WSJ, 12/8/05, p.D8)
1756 Feb 6, America's third vice
president, Aaron Burr, was born in Newark, N.J.
(AP, 2/6/97)(HN, 2/6/99)
1756 Feb 7, In Brazil the Indian
Chief Sepe Tiaraju was killed at the hands of Portuguese and Spanish
soldiers.
(AP, 2/7/06)
1756 Mar 3, William Godwin
(d.1836), English philosopher, novelist, essayist, political writer
(Caleb Williams), was born. He was the husband of Mary Wollstonecraft.
Wordsworth as a young man was a follower of the radical philosopher
Godwin.
(WUD, 1994, p.606)(WSJ, 6/23/98, p.A18)(SC, 3/3/02)
1756 Mar 17, St. Patrick's Day was
1st celebrated in NYC at Crown & Thistle Tavern.
(MC, 3/17/02)
1756 Apr 13, Johann T. Gottlieb
Goldberg (29), German klavecinist, composer, died.
(MC, 4/13/02)
1756 Apr 14, Gov. Glen of South
Carolina protested against 900 Acadia Indians.
(MC, 4/14/02)
1756 Apr 15, Jacques Cassini
(b.1677), French astronomer and cartographer, died.
(http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/cassini_jac.html)
1756 May 17, After a year and a
half of undeclared war Britain declared war on France, beginning the
French and Indian War. England hoped to conquer Canada. The final
defeat of the French came in 1763 with the British victory at the
Battle of Quebec on the Plains of Abraham.
(HN, 5/17/98)(HNPD,
9/13/98)(http://tinyurl.com/afbze)
1756 Jun 4, Quakers left the
assembly of Pennsylvania.
(MC, 6/4/02)
1756 Jun 6, John Trumball,
American painter, was born.
(HN, 6/6/01)
1756 Jun 20, In India rebels
defeated the British army at Calcutta. British soldiers were imprisoned
in a suffocating cell that gained notoriety as the "Black Hole of
Calcutta." Most of them died. The exact circumstances of this incident,
such as the number of prisoners, originally put at 146, are disputed.
(HN, 6/20/98)(AP, 6/20/07)
1756 Aug 14, French commander
Louis Montcalm took Fort Oswego, New England, from the British.
(HN, 8/14/98)
1756 Aug 31, The British at Fort
William Henry, New England, surrendered to Louis Montcalm of France.
(HN, 8/31/98)
1756 Sep 21, John Loudon McAdam,
engineer who invented and gave his name to macadamized roads, was born.
(HN, 9/21/98)
1756 Nov 4, Anthony van Hoboken,
Rotterdam merchant-ship owner, was born.
(MC, 11/4/01)
1756 Nov 12, Teedyuscung, a Lenape
Indian, spoke with Gov. Denny at Easton, Pa., to discuss grievances.
(ON, 1/03, p.6)
1756 Dec 6, British troops under
Robert Clive occupied Fulta, India.
(MC, 12/6/01)
1756 German-speaking Moravians
founded the town of Lititz, 35 miles southeast of Harrisburg, Pa.
Non-Moravians were not allowed to live there until 1855.
(SSFC, 4/13/03, p.D6)
1756 At the outbreak of the war
that was to settle the issue of control of North America between
Britain and France, French colonists numbered only 55,000, the British
colonists numbered about 1 million, and the Native Americans from coast
to coast numbered about 600,000.
(WSJ, 5/16/96, p.A-12)
1756 Fussier French Sevres
porcelain, under the patronage of King Louis XV, gained the upper hand
in porcelain production over Meissen. Its trademark pictured
cobalt-blue crossed swords.
(WSJ, 8/28/98, p.W10)
1756 In Queretaro, Mexico, a
palatial home was built and later converted into the hotel Casa
de la Marquesa.
(SSFC, 1/27/08, p.E5)
1756 Riedel Glass was founded in
Bohemia.
(WSJ, 11/18/99, p.A24)
1756-1763 The Seven Years War. France and Great
Britain clashed both in Europe and in North America. In 2000 "Crucible
of War" by Fred Anderson was published. France, Russia, Austria,
Saxony, Sweden and Spain stood against Britain, Prussia and Hanover.
Britain financed Prussia to block France in Europe while her manpower
was occupied in America.
(V.D.-H.K.p.223)(SFC, 7/7/96, BR p.7)(WSJ, 2/10/00,
p.A16)
1756-1789 Johann Friedrich Doles, Bach’s pupil and
successor as cantor at St. Thomas in Leipzig, continued to perform
Bach’s music at the services.
(LGC-HCS, p.32)
1756-1815 The great war or series of wars that broke
out between England and France.
(V.D.-H.K.p.228)
1756-1818 Henry Lee, American governor. On the death
of George Washington: "To the memory of the Man, first in war, first in
peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen."
(AP, 12/14/99)
1757 Jan 2, British troops
occupied Calcutta, India.
(MC, 1/2/02)
1757 Jan 4, Robert Francois
Damiens made an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate King Louis XV of
France.
(HN, 1/4/01)
1757 Jan 11, Alexander Hamilton,
first U.S. Secretary of Treasury, was born on St. Croix. After
showing remarkable promise in finance, the young Hamilton was sent by a
benefactor to King’s College in New York. In 1776, Hamilton joined the
Continental Army, where he soon joined George Washington’s staff. After
the war, Hamilton became active in New York politics, gaining a
reputation as a supporter of a strong central government. In the
struggle for the ratification of the Constitution, Hamilton
collaborated with James Madison and John Jay in writing the Federalist
Papers, which were instrumental in the passage of the Constitution. In
1789, newly elected President George Washington named Hamilton
secretary of the treasury. During his tenure, Hamilton established the
National Bank, introduced an excise tax, suppressed the Whiskey
Rebellion and spearheaded the effort for the federal government to
assume the debts of the states. In the presidential election of 1800,
Hamilton broke the deadlock between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr by
supporting Jefferson. The enmity between Hamilton and his longtime
political enemy Burr grew worse during the 1804 campaign for governor
of New York. Finally, on July 11, at Weehawken, N.J., the two men
fought a duel. Hamilton was shot and died the next day of his injuries.
(WUD, 1994 p.640)(AP, 1/11/98)(HN, 1/11/00)(HNPD,
1/11/00)
1757 Jan 16, Samuel McIntire,
architect of Salem, Massachusetts, was born.
(HN, 1/16/99)
1757 Jan 28, Antonio Bartolomeo
Bruni, composer, was born.
(MC, 1/28/02)
1757 Jan 28, Ahmed Shah, the first
King of Afghanistan, occupied Delhi and annexed the Punjab.
(HN, 1/28/99)
1757 Feb 13, John C. Hespe, Dutch
journalist, politician, was born.
(MC, 2/13/02)
1757 Mar 14, John Byng (52),
British Admiral, was executed by a firing squad on board HMS Monarch
for neglect of duty. Early in the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), Byng
was called on to relieve a British fort on the Mediterranean island of
Minorca which was being attacked by French forces. He was sent with a
small, undermanned fleet. Several ship were badly damaged in subsequent
skirmishes with the French, prompting Byng to turn back to Gibraltar.
The fort was eventually forced to capitulate. He was brought home,
court-martialled and executed for breach of Articles of War. In 2007
his descendants sought a posthumous pardon.
(HN, 3/14/99)(Reuters,
3/15/07)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Byng)
1757 Mar 27, Johann Wenzel Anton
Stamitz (39), composer, died.
(MC, 3/27/02)
1757 Apr 6, English king George II
fired minister William Pitt, Sr.
(MC, 4/6/02)
1757 May 6, Battle at Prague:
Frederik II of Prussia beat emperor's army.
(MC, 5/6/02)
1757 Jun 1, Ignaz J. Pleyel,
Austrian composer, piano builder (Piano method), was born. (MC, 6/1/02)
1757 Jun 18, Battle at Kolin,
Bohemia: Austrian army beat Prussia.
(MC, 6/18/02)
1757 Jun 19, The Second Coming of
Christ occurred, according to the followers of Emanuel Swedenborg (the
Church of the New Jerusalem).
(DTnet 6/19/97)
1757 Jun 22, George Vancouver,
surveyed America's Pacific coast from San Francisco to Vancouver, was
born.
(HN, 6/22/98)
1757 Jun 23, Forces of the East
India Company led by Robert Clive (1725-1774) defeated Indians at
Plassey and won control of Bengal. Lord Clive defeated Siraj-ud-daula,
the Nawab of Bengal and exacted a payment of $140 million from Moghul
ruler Mir Jafar and a Moghul title of nobility and rights to land
around Calcutta. This effectively marked the beginning of British
colonial rule in India. Clive served 2 terms as the governor of Bengal.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)(SSFM, 4/1/01, p.40)(AP, 6/23/07)
1757 Jul 23, Giuseppe Domenico
Scarlatti (71), Italian composer (La Silvia), died.
(MC, 7/23/02)
1757 Jul 26, Benjamin Franklin
(51) arrived in London and soon established himself at a house on
Craven Street, which served as home, except for 2 intervals, for the
next 16 years.
(Sm, 3/06, p.98)
1757 Aug 9, English Ft. William
Henry, NY, surrendered to French and Indian troops.
(MC, 8/9/02)
1757 Sep 3, Charles X, Duke of
Prussia, was born in Versailles, France.
(MC, 9/3/01)
1757 Sep 6, Marie Joseph du
Motier, Marquis de LaFayette, French soldier and statesman who aided
George Washington during the American Revolution, was born in Auvergne,
France.
(AP, 9/6/07)
1757 Oct 9, Charles X, last
Bourbon king of France (1824-30), was born.
(MC, 10/9/01)
1757 Nov 5, Frederick II of
Prussia defeated the French at Rosbach in the Seven Years War.
(HN, 11/5/98)
1757 Nov 1, Antonio Canova
(d.1822), Italian sculptor, was born.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Canova)
1757 Nov 22, Austrians defeated
Prussians at Breslau in the Seven Years War.
(HN, 11/22/98)
1757 Nov 28, William Blake
(1757-1827), English artist-printer, was born in London. He wrote
"Songs of Innocence" and "The Marriage of Heaven and Hell." His last
book was "Jerusalem," of which he made only five copies. In 1996 Peter
Ackroyd published: "Blake: A Biography." [see 1827]
(LSA,Spg,1995,p.17)(WUD,1994,p.155)(WSJ,4/9/96,p.A16)(WSJ,4/2397,p.A16)(HN,
11/28/98)
1757 Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
helped set up America’s first street cleaning service in Philadelphia.
(Econ, 2/28/09, SR p.5)
1757 Benjamin Franklin sailed for
England. He spent almost two decades there as colonial agent, a
combination lobbyist, ambassador, and banker, for Pennsylvania and,
eventually Georgia, New Jersey and Massachusetts. He lived in London at
36 Craven St.
(WSJ, 8/8/95, p. A12)(USAT, 9/22/03, p.16A)
1757 The Mission of San Javier was
completed in San Javier on the Baha Peninsula.
(SFEC, 5/18/97, p.T5)
1757-1774 Mustafa III succeeded Osman III in the
Ottoman House of Osman.
(Ot, 1993, xvii)
1758 Jan 2, The French began
bombardment of Madras, India.
(HN, 1/2/99)
1758 Feb 15, The 1st mustard
manufactured in America was advertised in Philadelphia.
(440 Int’l., 2/15/99)(HCB, 2003, p. 94)
1758 Mar 22, Jonathan Edwards
(b.1703), US colonial theologian, philosopher (Great Awakening,
Original Sin), died in New Jersey following an inoculation for smallpox.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards)
1758 Apr 2, Johann Balthasar Konig
(67), composer, died.
(MC, 4/2/02)
1758 Apr 17, Frances Williams, the
first African-American to graduate for a college in the western
hemisphere, published a collection of Latin poems.
(HN, 4/17/99)
1758 Apr 28, James Monroe
(d.1831), later secretary of state and the fifth president of the
United States (1817-1825), was born in Westmoreland County, Va. He
created the Monroe Doctrine, warning Europe not to interfere in the
Western Hemisphere.
(HFA, ‘96, p.28)(HNQ, 7/27/99)(HN, 4/28/02)
1758 May 6, Maximilien F.M.I. de
Robespierre (d.1794), a leader of the French Revolution, was born. He
was known as the "Sea-Green Incorruptible" from his sallow complexion.
He decreed death for all those he considered enemies of the revolution.
(V.D.-H.K.p.231)(HN, 5/6/99)(SSFC, 10/28/01, p.C5)
1758 Jun 23, British and
Hanoverian armies defeated the French at Krefeld in Germany.
(HN, 6/23/98)
1758 Jul 8, The British attack on
Fort Carillon at Ticonderoga, New York, was foiled by the French.
(HN, 7/8/98)
1758 Jul 24, George Washington was
admitted to Virginia House of Burgesses.
(MC, 7/24/02)
1758 Jul 26, British battle fleet
under Gen. James Wolfe captured France's Fortress of Louisbourg on Ile
Royale (Capre Breton Island, Nova Scotia) after a 7-week siege, thus
gaining control of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River.
(HN, 7/26/98)(MC, 7/26/02)
1758 Aug 25, The Prussian army
defeated the invading Russians at the Battle of Zorndorf. Thousands
were killed.
(HN, 8/25/98)(chblue.com, 8/25/01)
1758 Aug 29, New Jersey
Legislature formed the 1st Indian reservation.
(MC, 8/29/01)
1758 Sep 12, Charles Messier
observed the Crab Nebula and began a catalog.
(MC, 9/12/01)
1758 Sep 18, James Abercromby was
replaced as supreme commander of British forces after his defeat by
French commander, the Marquis of Montcalm, at Fort Ticonderoga during
the French and Indian War.
(HN, 9/18/98)
1758 Sep 29, Horatio Nelson
(d.1805), British naval commander who defeated the French and her
allies on numerous occasions during the age of Napoleon, was born in
Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk. He was made post-captain at the young age of
21. Nelson died at the moment of his greatest victory at the Battle of
Trafalgar. Although a national hero, he displayed common human frailty.
His colorful private life, coupled with his genius and daring as a
naval commander, seem to make the Nelson story irresistible to every
generation.
(AP, 9/29/97)(HN, 9/29/98)(HNQ, 6/3/01)
1758 Oct 7, Paul Anton Wineberger,
composer, was born.
(MC, 10/7/01)
1758 Oct 10, Jean Pierre Chouteau,
French fur trader, early St. Louis settler and "father of Oklahoma" was
born in New Orleans.
(AP, 10/10/08)
1758 Oct 16, Noah Webster
(d.1843), US teacher lexicographer and publisher. He wrote the
“American Dictionary of the English Language,” was born in Hartford,
Conn.
(CFA, '96, p.56)(AHD, 1971, p.1452)(AP, 10/16/08)
1758 Nov 25, In the French and
Indian War British forces under General John Forbes captured Fort
Duquesne (the site of present day Pittsburgh, est. 1754). George
Washington participated in the campaign. Forbes renamed the site Fort
Pitt after William Pitt the Elder, who directed British military policy
in the Seven Years' War of 1756-'63. Before his arrival, the French had
burned the fort and retreated.
(AP, 11/25/97)(ON, 9/05, p.5)(HNQ, 7/17/98)
1758 Dec 5, Johann Friedrich Fasch
(70), composer, died.
(MC, 12/5/01)
1758 Pope Benedict XIV removed the
blanket proscription against the works of Copernicus from the Index of
Forbidden Books. He left Galileo on the Index because a Pope had
participated in the condemnation of Galileo.
(WSJ, 10/22/99, p.W15)
1758 Pompeo Batoni made his
bravura Grand Tour portrait of an English milord.
(SFEC, 1/11/98, p.D7)
1758 A.Y. Goguet’s "The Origin of
Laws, Arts, and Sciences, and their Progress among the Most Ancient
Nations" was published in Paris.
(RFH-MDHP, 1969, p.13)
1758 Benjamin Franklin ordered
Newtown Pippin apples delivered to London while he worked there as
Commissioner for the Colonies in America.
(T&L, 10/1980, p.42)
1758 Linnaeus, father of
systematics, worked on his wasp specimens.
(PacDis, Winter/’96, p.43)
c1758 In Taxco, Mexico, the Santa
Prisca Cathedral was built in thanks by Don Jose de la Borda, who made
his fortune there.
(SFEC, 11/8/98, p.T6)
1759 Jan 6, George Washington and
Martha Dandridge Custis were married. George had 28 slaves and Martha
had 109.
(AP, 1/6/98)(SFEC, 5/2/99, Z1 p.8)
1759 Jan 25, Robert Burns
(d.1796), poet and song writer, who wrote "Auld Lang Syne" and "Comin’
Thru the Rye," was born in Alloway, Scotland. He took traditional
Scottish songs and fiddle tunes, and improved upon existing words, or
added verses where they had been lost. "Should auld acquaintance be
forgot, and never brought to mind, should auld acquaintance be forgot,
and auld lang syne. For old lang syne, my dear, for old lang syne,
we'll take a cup of kindness yet, for old lang syne."
(EMN, 1/96, p.4,6)(HN, 1/25/99)(SFC, 12/30/99,
p.A13)(MC, 1/25/02)
1759 Jan 31, Francois Devienne,
composer, was born.
(MC, 1/31/02)
1759 Feb 28, Pope Clement XIII
allowed the Bible to be translated into various languages.
(MC, 2/28/02)
1759 Mar 8, French King Louis XV
revoked the license of the Encyclopedie as the 8th volume was about to
be printed.
(ON, 4/05, p.9)
1759 Apr 8, Francois de La Croix
(76), composer, died.
(MC, 4/8/02)
1759 Apr 13, The French defeated
European Allies in Battle of Bergen.
(HN, 4/13/98)
1759 Apr 14, Georg Friedrich
Handel (74), German-born composer, died in London. He had
composed some 30 oratorios.
(LGC-HCS, p.41)(AP, 4/14/97)(SFC, 9/16/97, p.E1)
1759 Apr 23, British seized
Basse-Terre and Guadeloupe in the Antilies from France.
(HN, 4/23/99)
1759 Apr 27, Mary Wollstonecraft
Godwin (d.1797), English writer, feminist (Female Reader), was born.
"The mind will ever be unstable that has only prejudices to rest on,
and the current will run with destructive fury when there are no
barriers to break its force."
(AP, 11/10/97)(MC, 4/27/02)
1759 May 1, British fleet occupied
Guadeloupe, in the West Indies. [see Apr 23]
(MC, 5/1/02)
1759 May 8, Hearing of his
appointment in the west, General Napoleon Bonaparte left for Paris in
order to obtain a different posting.
(HN, 5/8/99)
1759 May 15, Maria Theresia von
Paradis, composer, was born.
(MC, 5/15/02)
1759 May 20, William Thornton,
architect of the U.S. Capitol, actor, was born.
(HN, 5/20/98)
1759 May 28, William Pitt the
Younger, PM of England from 1783-1801 and 1804-1806, was born. He has
been considered England's greatest PM.
(HN, 5/28/99)(MC, 5/28/02)
1759 Jul 23, Russians under
Saltikov defeated Prussians at Kay in eastern Germany, and one-fourth
of Prussian army of 27,000 was lost.
(AP, 7/23/97)
1759 Jul 24, Victor Emmanuel I,
King of Sardinia (1802-21), was born.
(MC, 7/24/02)
1759 Jul 25, British forces
defeated a French army at Fort Niagara in Canada. During their 7 Years'
War.
(HN, 7/25/98)(SC, 7/25/02)
1759 Jul 26, The French
relinquished Fort Ticonderoga in New York to the British under General
Jeffrey Amherst.
(HN, 7/26/98)
1759 Aug 1, British and Hanoverian
armies defeated the French at the Battle of Minden, Germany. The
marquis de Lafayette was killed by a British cannonball and his son,
Gilbert du Motier (2), inherited the title. In 1777 Lafayette joined
the American Continental Army.
(HN, 8/1/98)(ON, 2/09, p.1)
1759 Aug 18, The French fleet was
destroyed by the British under "Old Dreadnought" Boscawen at the battle
of Lagos Bay.
(HN, 8/18/98)
1759 Aug 24, William Wilberforce
(d.1833), was born in Hull, Yorkshire, England. He became best known
for his efforts relating to the abolition of slavery in the British
Empire.
(www.nndb.com/people/824/000049677/)(HNQ, 12/6/02)
1759 Aug 24, Ewald C. von Kleist
(44), German poet, died.
(MC, 8/24/02)
1759 Sep 3, Pope Clement XIII
officially placed the French Encyclopedie on the Vatican’s Index of
Prohibited Books.
(ON, 4/05, p.9)
1759 Sep 13, During the final
French and Indian War, the Battle of Quebec [Canada] was fought.
British Gen. James Wolfe’s army defeated Commander Louis Joseph de
Montcalm’s French forces on the Plains of Abraham overlooking Quebec
City. An English fleet of 20 ships led by General James Wolfe landed
3,600 English troops near Quebec in the early hours of the day. The
fleet was sent up the St. Lawrence River to take the region from the
French. "Measured by the numbers engaged," wrote historian Francis
Parkman, the Battle of Quebec "was but a heavy skirmish; measured by
results, it was one of the great battles of the world." On this rainy
morning the armies of England and France clashed outside the walls of
Quebec City and altered the balance of power of an entire continent.
The battle on the Plains of Abraham lasted less than half an hour. As
French forces withered and an English victory became apparent, Wolfe
was shot in the chest, his third wound of the battle. He said to a
distraught soldier just before he died, "Do not weep, my dear. In a few
minutes I shall be happy." By the time the rain had washed away the
blood, Quebec had surrendered to the British. Four years later, the
Treaty of Paris gave England sole dominion over most of the land that
Quebec City had governed, from Cape Breton Island in the Gulf of St.
Lawrence to the Mississippi River.
(CFA, '96, p.54)(SFC, 7/7/96, BR p.7)(AP,
9/13/97)(HNQ, 9/8/98)(HNPD, 9/19/98)
1759 Sep 14, Louis Joseph de
Montcalm-Grozon, Marquis de Montcalm (b.1712) and chief of French
forces, died at age 47 on the Plains of Abraham in Canada.
(www.britannica.com)
1759 Sep 18, Quebec surrendered to
the British and the Battle of Quebec ended. The French surrendered to
the British after their defeat on the Plains of Abraham.
(AP, 9/18/97)(HN, 9/18/98)
1759 Sep 18, British commander
James Wolfe died at the Battle of Quebec.
(MC, 9/18/01)
1759 Oct 11, Mason Weems, preacher
(Episcopalian clergyman), was born. He was a noted seller of books
where he would fictionalize history in stories like the one he wrote of
George Washington in the book, "Life of Washington". People loved his
fictionalized stories and often believed that they were true. One
famous story which is not true is the story of Washington chopping down
the cherry tree and the famous quote on not telling a lie.
(MC, 10/11/01)
1759 Oct 20, Marie Jean Herault de
Sechelles, French author, politician, French Revolutionary, was born.
(MC, 10/20/01)
1759 Oct 26, Georges Jacques
Danton, French Revolutionary leader, was born. He was an impassioned
orator and minister of Justice. He was also the last hope of the
moderates during the French Reign of Terror and his execution led
directly to the overthrow of Robespierre in 1794.
(MC, 10/26/01)
1759 Nov 10, Johann Christoph
Friedrich von Schiller (d.1805), playwright, dramatist, historian and
poet, was born. "A beautiful soul has no other merit than its own
existence." [He was a friend of Goethe.] "Die Weltgeschichte ist das
Weltgericht." (The history of the world is the verdict of the world).
(WUD, 1994, p.1277)(AP, 8/2/98)(AP, 3/13/99)(HN,
11/10/00)
1759 Nov 24, There was a
destructive eruption of Vesuvius.
(MC, 11/24/01)
1759 Soga Shohaku (1730-1781),
Japanese artist, created his “Hanshan and Shide” about this time.
(SFC, 1/14/06, p.E1)
1759 Samuel Johnson (1709-1784),
English lexicographer, authored his novel “History of Rasselas,” on the
elusive nature of happiness.
(WSJ, 9/18/08, p.A23)
1759 French philosopher Voltaire
wrote his novel "Candide."
(WUD, 1994, p.216)
1759 Economist Adam Smith
(1723-1790), Glasgow professor on moral philosophy and pioneering
economist, authored "The Theory of Moral Sentiments."
(WSJ, 11/13/02,
p.D10)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Theory_of_Moral_Sentiments)
1759 Kedleston Hall was begun by
Sir Nathaniel Curzon, who moved the entire village of Kedleston, except
for the church, a half mile.
(NG, Nov. 1985, M. Girouard, p.686)
1759 John Smeaton built the
Eddystone Lighthouse near Plymouth, England. It was the 3rd one erected
at the site over 60 years.
(WSJ, 6/27/00, p.A28)(ON, 5/06, p.5)
1759 Oliver Goldsmith, English
poet, remarked: "As writers become more numerous, it is natural for
readers to become more indolent."
(NOHY, Weiner, 3/90, p.44)
1759 Dr. Samuel Johnson denounced
advertisements as over-exaggerated and false.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)
1759 Elizabeth Petrovna, the
daughter of Peter the Great, and Empress of All the Russias, was noted
for her beauty. She obtained a good bit of Finland from Sweden, and her
forces crushed the Prussians at Kunersdorf in 1759. The opposing (and
losing) general was Frederich the Great, who did not lose many.
(EHC, 5/12/98)
1759 Britain triumphed over France
in the naval victory at Quiberon Bay.
(WSJ, 3/14/00, p.A28)
1759 Josiah Wedgwood opened his
first factory in Stoke-on-Trent, central England. It began making bone
china in the 19th century.
(SFC, 2/22/06, p.G6)(AP, 1/4/09)
1759 A group of 9 English
merchants launched a new ironworks in Dowlais, Wales, using the regions
abundant coal. By 1902 the firm, known as Guest, Keen & Nettlefolds
Ltd., was the world's largest producer of nails. By 2004 GKN PLC had
become a major auto parts supplier and had a new aerospace division. In
1987 Edgar Jones authored "A History of GKN." Volume 2 was published in
1990.
(WSJ, 3/16/04, p.A1,8)
1759 France eliminated the public
practice of sitting on the stage during theater and opera performances.
(SFC, 3/9/07, p.E8)
1759 In Ireland Arthur Guinness
purchased Mark Rainsford’s Ale Brewery and began producing his own
recipe.
(SFEC, 7/2/00, p.T8)
1759-1761 Jean-Honore Fragonard painted "The
Lost Forfeit or Captured Kiss."
(WSJ, 11/19/03, p.D12)
1759-1771 Emiland Gauthey, Burgundy canal engineer,
remade Givry, France, over this period.
(SSFC, 12/5/04, p.F5)
1759-1788 Charles III ruled as King of Spain. After a
plague killed thousands in Alamos, Mexico, Charles III ordered homes to
be rebuilt with mutual walls to prevent ramshackle structures by
squatters.
(WUD, 1994, p.249)
1759-1840 Pierre-Joseph Redoute, Flemish-born
painter. He was one of the most celebrated flower painters and worked
under the patronage of Empress Josephine Bonaparte. His 169 stipple
engravings "Les Rose" were made in Paris between 1817-1824.
(2000 Taschen Calendar)
1760 Jan 20, Charles III, King of
Spain, was born.
(HN, 1/20/99)
1760 Feb 14, Richard Allen
(d.1831), 1st black ordained by a Methodist-Episcopal church, was born
in Philadelphia.
(HN, 2/14/98)
1760 Feb 16, Cherokee Indians held
hostage at Fort St. George, SC, were killed in revenge for Indian
attacks on frontier settlements.
(HN, 2/16/99)(MC, 2/16/02)
1760 Mar 20, The great fire of
Boston destroyed 349 buildings.
(HN, 3/20/98)
1760 Apr 6, Charlotte Charke
(b.1713), actress and writer, died. In 2005 Kathryn Shevelow authored
“Charlotte: Being a True Account of an Actress’s Flamboyant Adventures
in Eighteenth-Century London’s Wild and Wicked Theatrical World.”
(SSFC, 4/3/05, p.F3)(http://tinyurl.com/5jnfh)
1760 Apr 16, In England Laurence,
4th Earl Ferrers, was executed for the murder of his steward. [see May
5]
(MC, 4/16/02)
1760 Apr 28, French forces
besieging Quebec defeated the British in the second battle on the
Plains of Abraham.
(HN, 4/28/98)
1760 May 5, The fourth Earl
Ferrers was driven from the Tower of London to be hanged as a felon,
the last English nobleman to be executed this way. [see Apr 16]
(HN, 5/5/99)
1760 May 10, Claude-Joseph Rouget
de Lisle, soldier, author, composer ("La Marseillaise"), was born.
(MC, 5/10/02)
1760 Jun 23, Austrians defeated
the Prussians at Landshut, Germany.
(HN, 6/23/98)
1760 Jul 31, Ferdinand, Duke of
Brunswick, foiled last French threat at Warburg and drove the French
army back to Rhine River.
(HN, 7/31/98)
1760 Aug 7, Ft. Loudon, Tennessee,
surrendered to Cherokee Indians.
(MC, 8/7/02)
1760 Aug 15, Frederick II
(1712-1786), king of Prussia from 1740-1786, defeated the Austrians at
the Battle of Liegnitz.
(HN, 8/15/98)
1760 Sep 8, The French surrendered
the city of Montreal to British Gen. Jeffrey Amherst. [see Sep 18, 1759]
(HN, 9/8/98)(MC, 9/8/01)
1760 Sep 14, Luigi Cherubini
(d.1842), Italian-born prodigy and French composer, was born.
(www.britannica.com)
1760 Oct 9, Austrian and Russian
troops entered Berlin and began burning structures and looting.
(HN, 10/9/98)
1760 Oct 21, Katsushika Hokusai
(d.1849), Japanese printmaker, was born. Hokusai was a master designer
of color woodblock prints. His paintings included 36 views of Mt. Fuji.
(SFC, 9/24/98, p.E3)(WSJ, 11/3/98, p.A20)(HN,
10/21/00)
1760 Oct 23, The 1st Jewish prayer
books were printed in US.
(MC, 10/23/01)
1760 Oct 25, George II (August),
king of Great-Britain (1727-60), died at 76.
(MC, 10/25/01)
1760 Oct 25, King George III of
Britain was crowned. He succeeded his late grandfather, George II and
ruled until 1820. With the rule of George III the civil list
(government officers, judges, ambassadors and royal staff) was paid by
the Parliament in return for the king's surrender of the hereditary
revenues of the crown.
(AHD, 1971, p.552)(AP, 10/25/97)(HN, 10/25/01)
1760 Nov 3, Following the Russian
capture of Berlin, Frederick II of Prussia defeated the Austrians at
the Battle of Torgau (Germany).
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Torgau)
1760 Nov 9, Henri-Philippe Gerard,
composer, was born.
(MC, 11/9/01)
1760 Nov 23, Gracchus Babeuf,
French agrarian agitator, politician and writer, was born.
(MC, 11/23/01)
1760 Nov 29, Major Roger Rogers
took possession of Detroit on behalf of Britain. French commandant
Belotre surrendered Detroit.
(HN, 11/29/98)(MC, 12/29/01)
1760 Thomas Gainsborough
(1727-1788), English artist, painted a portrait of Ann Ford playing a
musical instrument with her legs crossed.
(WSJ, 12/19/02, p.D10)
1760 Juan Ruiz of Mexico painted
"Christ Consoled by Angels."
(WSJ, 3/3/98, p.A16)
1760 The book "The Life and
Adventures of a Cat" was published and featured a cat named Tom, from
whence all male cats began to be called Tom. Prior to this a male cat
was called a ram.
(SFEC, 1/11/98, Z1 p.8)
1760 Lancelot "Capability" Brown,
English garden designer, landscaped the grounds of Longleat estate,
Wiltshire, England.
(NG, Nov. 1985, M. Girouard, p.685)
1760 The Church of San Tomas in
the village of Las Trampas was built. It has thick square towers and
heavy walls and is one of the 6 adobe missions scattered along the
western shoulder of the Sangre de Cristo mountains between Taos and
Santa Fe, New Mexico.
(SFC, 5/12/96, p.T-5)
1760 The English settled in Maine
following their victory in the French and Indian War.
(SFC, 7/21/96, p.T6)
1760 A Belgian created roller
skates by replacing the blades of ice skates with wheels.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)
1760 In Canada a treaty was made
with the Mi'kmaq Indians. It was later interpreted to support fishing
for profit rights in their traditional 4 Atlantic provinces.
(WSJ, 12/6/99, p.A27)
1760s George Stubbs created a
painting of a thoroughbred horse. In 2003 it was sold at auction for
$3.15 million.
(AP, 7/10/03)
1760s Louis XV and Madame de
Pompadour built the La Petit Trianon at Versailles as a retreat. She
died before it was finished. Louis XVI later gave it to Marie
Antoinette.
(SFEC, 8/9/98, p.26)
1760s-1770s John Cadwalader, Revolutionary War
General, commissioned dozens of furniture pieces from the finest
craftsmen in Pennsylvania. He had married Elizabeth Lloyd, the
wealthiest woman in colonial America.
(WSJ, 9/24/99, p.W9)
1760-1820 George III ruled over Great Britain and
Ireland. [see 1738-1820, George III]
(AHD, 1971, p.552)
1760-1830 The Industrial Revolution largely occurred
in Britain. Realizing the economic advantages, Britain did not allow
the export of any machinery, methods or skilled men that might blunt
its technological edge. Eventually, the lure of new opportunities
convinced continental entrepreneurs and British businessmen to evade
England’s official edict. Englishmen William and John Cockerill brought
the Industrial Revolution to continental Europe around 1807 by
developing machine shops in Liege, Belgium, transforming the country’s
coal, iron and textile industries much as it had done in Britain.
(HNQ, 5/16/01)
1761 Mar 23, John W. de Winter,
Dutch Vice-Admiral (Battle at Kamperduin), was born.
(SS, 3/23/02)
1761 Mar 27, Johann Ludwig Steiner
(72), composer, died.
(MC, 3/27/02)
1761 Apr 17, Thomas Bayes
(b.1702), English theologian and mathematician, died. He established a
mathematical basis for probability inference based on sparse data.
Sampling from a large population (the frequentist school) came to
dominate the field in the modern era. In 2006 researchers suggested
that the human brain might work in a Bayesian manner drawing strong
inferences from sparse data.
(www.britannica.com)(Econ, 1/7/06, p.70)
1761 Apr 20, Johann Gottlieb Karl
Spazier, composer, was born.
(MC, 4/20/02)
1761 May 13, Adrian Loosjes Pzn
(1818, Dutch publisher, writer (Mauritius Lijnslager), was born.
(MC, 5/13/02)
1761 May 22, The first life
insurance policy in the United States was issued, in Philadelphia.
(AP, 5/22/97)
1761 Jun 10, Puritan version of
"Othello" opened in Newport, Rhode Island.
(MC, 6/10/02)
1761 Jul 4, Samuel Richardson,
English novelist, died at 72 in London.
(WUD, 1994, p.1231)
1761 Sep 21, King George III of
England was crowned. George was German and had been Elector of Hanover.
Coincidentally, the composer Handel, who was working in London when
King George was crowned, had gone to London after skipping out on his
last job...working for George in Hanover. Fortunately for Handel, King
George forgave him.
(MC, 9/21/01)
1761 Dec 1, Madame Tussaud
(d.1850), Swiss-born modeler in wax, was born. She founded the
world-famous exhibition in London's Baker Street. [see Dec 7]
(HN, 12/1/99)(MC, 4/16/02)
1761 Dec 7, Madame Tussaud [Marie
Grosholtz], creator of the wax museum, was born. [see Dec 1]
(MC, 12/7/01)
1761 Dec 25, Elisabeth Petrovna
(~51), tsarina of Russia (1741-62), died.
(MC, 12/25/01)
1761 St. Peter’s Episcopal Church
was built in Philadelphia, Pa. The Protestant Episcopal Church of
America was born with the Revolution and the break with the Anglican
Church of Britain.
(Hem, 6/96, p.108)(WSJ, 2/19/99, p.W13)
1761 French and Indians forces in
the Ohio Valley were defeated.
(ON, 1/03, p.7)
1761 The town of Killington was
chartered in New Hampshire.
(ST, 3/2/04, p.A1)
1761 Benjamin Franklin invented
his glass armonica.
(WSJ, 1/15/04, p.D8)
1761 The Earl of Huntington and
the Earl of Ashburnham had a violent quarrel over the bedside of George
III over who would have the honor of putting on the king’s shirt.
(NG, Nov. 1985, M. Girouard, p.678)
1761 Monsignor Mario Guarnacci
bequeathed his collection of Etruscan artifacts to the town of
Volterra, in the hills of Tuscany, Italy. Most of the artifacts were
dug from local tombs and are now displayed in chronological order in a
museum.
(SFEC, 11/24/96, T6)
1761 In Germany A.W. Faber created
its first pencil. In 1898 the company got the current name
Faber-Castell. The ‘Castell 9000’ pencil was born in 1905, when count
Alexander von Faber Castell decided to give it a hexagonal shape to
avoid falling when rolling on a desk.
(Econ, 3/3/07,
p.73)(www.designboom.com/contemporary/fabercastell.html)
1761 James Macpherson (1736-1796),
Scottish poet, announced the discovery of an epic on the subject of
Fingal (related to the Irish mythological character Fionn mac
Cumhaill/Finn McCool) written by Ossian (based on Fionn's son
Oisín). He then published poems by Ossian, the blind 3rd century
poet, which became very popular and later exposed as a fraud.
(WSJ, 7/26/08,
p.W8)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Macpherson)
1761 A transit of Venus occurred.
Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon observed it from Cape Town, South
Africa.
(Econ, 5/29/04, p.79)
1761-1845 Louis-Leopold Boilly, French painter. His
work entailed a wide variety of subjects from genre paintings,
gallants, historical canvasses, still lifes, formal and informal
portraits. His work includes: Triumph of Marat (1794), Girl at a Window
(1799), Game of Billiards (1807), Gallery du Palais Royal (1809), The
Geography Lesson (1812). He produced some 500 genre paintings and some
5,000 small portraits along with a series of humorous lithographs.
(WSJ, 1/8/96, p.A-16) (WSJ,
3/31/00, p.W16)
1762 Jan, In France Diderot
published the 1st volume of illustrations for his Encyclopedie.
(ON, 4/05, p.10)
1762 Feb 2, Thomas Arne's opera
"Ataxerxes," premiered in London.
(MC, 2/2/02)
1762 Feb 5, Martinique, a major
French base in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, surrendered to
the British.
(HN, 2/5/99)
1762 Mar 10, Jean Calas, a French
protestant (Huguenot), was tortured and executed in Toulouse on the
charge that he had killed his son in 1761 to prevent him from
converting to Catholicism. Voltaire took up the case believing that
Catholic judges were biased. He wrote pamphlets and letters to support
his case and urged high-placed friends to place the case before the
Great Council of Louis XV. On March 9, 1765, Jean Calas and his family
were acquitted and the death of the son was ruled a suicide.
(ON, 4/06, p.10)(SFC, 3/9/07, p.E8)
1762 Mar 17, 1st St Patrick's Day
parade was held in NYC.
(MC, 3/17/02)
1762 May 19, Johann Gottlieb
Fichte, German philosopher, was born. He developed ethical idealism out
of Immanuel Kant's work.
(HN, 5/19/99)
1762 Mar 25, Francesco Giuseppi
Pollini, composer, was born.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1762 Apr 13, Karl Friedrich Horn,
composer, was born.
(MC, 4/13/02)
1762 Apr 14, Giuseppe Valadier,
Italian architect, archaeologist, was born.
(MC, 4/14/02)
1762 Jun 5, English
parliamentarian John Wilkes began publishing his North Briton journal.
(www.lib.monash.edu.au/exhibitions/recent/xrecent.html)
1762 Jun 28, Catharine II, Russian
Tsarina, grabbed power. [see Jul 17]
(MC, 6/28/02)
1762 Jul 17, Peter III of Russia
was murdered and his wife, Catherine II, took the throne.
(HN, 7/17/98)
1762 Aug 5, Russia, Prussia and
Austria signed a treaty agreeing on the partition of Poland.
(HN, 8/5/98)
1762 Aug 12, George IV, King of
England (1820-1830), was born. He was named Prince Regent in 1810 when
his father was declared insane.
(HN, 8/12/98)(WSJ, 4/5/02, p.W12)
1762 Aug 12, The British captured
Cuba from Spain after a two month siege.
(HN, 8/12/98)
1762 Aug 22, Ann Franklin became
the first female editor of an American newspaper, the Newport, Rhode
Island "Mercury."
(AP, 8/22/00)
1762 Sep 17, Francesco Xaverio
Geminiani, composer, died at 74.
(MC, 9/17/01)
1762 Oct 5, Gluck's opera "Orfeo
ed Euridice" had its premiere at Vienna’s Burgtheater on the namesday
of Emp. Francis I. Gluck revised "Orpheus and Euridice" in 1774 for the
Paris Royal Opera.
(WSJ, 4/11/96, p.A-16)(WSJ, 10/21/99, p.A20)(MC,
10/5/01)
1762 Oct 5, The British fleet
bombarded and captured Spanish-held Manila in the Philippines.
(HN, 10/5/98)
1762 Oct 6, Francesco Onofrio
Manfredini, composer, died at 78.
(MC, 10/6/01)
1762 Oct 15, Samuel Adams Holyoke,
composer, was born.
(MC, 10/15/01)
1762 Oct 29, Andre-Marie Chenier,
French poet (Elegies), was born.
(MC, 10/29/01)
1762 Nov 1, Spencer Perceval,
British Prime Minister, was born.
(HN, 11/1/98)
1762 Nov 3, Spain acquired
Louisiana. [see Dec 3]
(MC, 11/3/01)
1762 Dec 3, France ceded to Spain
all lands west of the Mississippi- the territory known as Upper
Louisiana. [see Nov 3]
(CO, Grolier's, 11/10/95)(HN, 12/3/98)
1762 Dec 31, The Mozart family
moved from Vienna to Salzburg.
(MC, 12/31/01)
c1762 Charles Joseph Natoire,
artist, did a rendering of "The Cascade at the Villa Aldobrandini,
Frascati." It later became part of the collection of the Pierpont
Morgan Library.
(SFEM, 4/6/97, p.16)
1762 The commedia dell’arte play
"The King Stag" was written. It was about a good king who couldn’t find
a wife after interviewing 2,000 candidates.
(SFEC, 6/1/97, DB p.31)
1762 Nathony Benezet published "A
Short Account of That Part of Africa Inhabited by the Negroes," and
argued against slave trade. In 1994 the book was valued at $1800 as a
collectors item.
(WSJ, 12/9/94, p.R-8)
1762 Jean-Jacques Rousseau
published his didactic novel "Emile," which spelled out his idea of his
"natural system," and his work of political philosophy "The Social
Contract." The books were banned in France and he was forced to leave.
(WSJ, 2/18/97, p.A18)(SSFC, 1/4/04, p.M2)
1762 The Nicholas Brothers Chair
Manufactory operated in Westminster, Mass. In 1900 the firm moved to
Gardner and around 1907 was renamed to Nicholas & Stone.
(SFC, 3/29/06, p.G6)
1762 The Harrison chronometer was
invented. It allowed voyagers to calculate longitudinal distance.
(SFC, 1/31/04, p.A1)
1762 Barings PLC, a British
banking firm was founded [1763 also given]. It later financed the
Louisiana Purchase [1803] and provided economic counseling to Queen
Elizabeth II. The operation went bust in 1995.
(WSJ, 2/27/95, p.A-10)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)
1762 Gosakuramachi ascended
Japan’s throne. She ruled until 1770 and as of 2006 was Japan's last
woman ruler.
(AP, 9/6/06)(http://tinyurl.com/rcnhc)
1762 Abram Petrovich Gannibal
(1696-1781), an African slave adopted by Peter the Great, was dismissed
by Catherine the Great. He is the great-grandfather of Alexander
Pushkin.
(Econ, 8/20/05, p.66)
1762-1763 James Boswell experienced his 1st extended
trip to London. His "London Journal" later recounted his meeting with
Samuel Johnson numerous amorous affairs.
(WSJ, 11/29/00, p.A24)
1762-1796 Catherine the Great ruled over Russia.
(WSJ, 4/13/99, p.A16)
1763 Feb 10, Britain, Spain and
France signed the Treaty of Paris ending the French-Indian War. France
ceded Canada to England and gave up all her territories in the New
World except New Orleans and a few scattered islands.
(HN, 2/10/97)(AP, 2/10/97)(AP, 2/10/08)
1763 Mar 6, Jean Xavier Lefevre,
composer, was born.
(MC, 3/6/02)
1763 Apr 2, Giacomo Gotifredo
Ferrari, composer, was born.
(MC, 4/2/02)
1763 Apr 7, Domenico Dragonetti,
composer, was born.
(MC, 4/7/02)
1763 Apr 19, Teedyuscung, a Lenape
Indian leader, burned to death while sleeping in his cabin in the
Wyoming Valley, Pa. The fire destroyed the whole Indian village. A few
days later settlers from Connecticut arrived to resume their
construction of a town.
(ON, 1/03, p.6)
1763 Apr 30, London Journalist
John Wilkes was confined in the Tower.
(MC, 4/30/02)
1763 May 7, Indian chief Pontiac
began his attack on a British fort in present-day Detroit, Michigan.
Ottawa Chief Pontiac led an uprising in the wild, distant lands that
later became Michigan, Ohio and Pennsylvania.
(HN, 7/24/98)(HN, 5/7/99)
1763 May 16, The English
lexicographer, author and wit Samuel Johnson first met his future
biographer, James Boswell.
(AP, 5/16/97)
1763 Jun 20, Theobald Wolfe Tone,
Irish nationalist, was born.
(MC, 6/20/02)
1763 Jun 23, Josephine Martinique,
empress of France (1804-14), was born.
(HN, 6/23/98)(MC, 6/23/02)
1763 Jul 17, John Jacob Astor
(d.1848), American fur trader who died the richest man in the country,
was born as a butcher's son in Germany. Astor arrived in New York in
1784 at age 20 and worked for a fur merchant. He built up his own fur
business and invested in real estate. "Buy the acre, sell the lot." He
married into the Brevoort family and left $20 million when he died.
(HN, 7/17/98)(WSJ, 1/11/98, p.R18)(WSJ, 3/2/00,
p.W10)
1763 Aug 5, Colonel Henry Bouquet
decisively defeated the Indians at the Battle of Bushy Run in
Pennsylvania during Pontiac's rebellion.
(HN, 8/5/98)
1763 Aug 8, Charles Bulfinch, 1st
US professional architect (Mass State House), was born in Boston, Mass.
(MC, 8/8/02)
1763 Oct 5, August III (b.1796),
son of August II, died. He was crowned King of Lithuania and Poland in
1734.
(SSFC, 4/25/04, p.D12)(WSJ, 6/1/04, p.D8)
1763 Oct 7, George III of Great
Britain issued a royal proclamation reserving for the crown the right
to acquire land from western tribes. This closed lands in North America
north and west of Alleghenies to white settlement and ended the
acquisition efforts of colonial land syndicates. The Royal Proclamation
of 1763 guaranteed Indian rights to land and self-government.
(www.bloorstreet.com/200block/rp1763.htm)(SSFC,
8/29/04, p.M5)(Econ, 9/16/06, p.46)
1763 Nov 15, Charles Mason and
Jeremiah Dixon began surveying Mason-Dixon Line between Pennsylvania
and Maryland. They surveyed 233 miles by 1767 when Indians of the Six
nations told them they could not proceed any further west.
(MC, 11/15/01)(ON, 2/04, p.10)
1763 Nov 16, John Wilkes, English
journalist, MP, and friend of American Colonies, was injured in duel.
John Wilkes’ protest of the Treaty of Paris of 1763 appeared in The
North Briton No. 45. Silversmith and legendary Patriot Paul Revere
crafted his Liberty Bowl to commemorate the two "Patriotic numbers" 92
and 45. The bowl, which weighed 45 ounces and held 45 gills, was
inscribed with "Ninety-Two." The numbers had special significance to
American Patriots, representing resistance to British taxation. The
Massachusetts colonial assembly voted in 1768 92-17 to refuse British
demands for repeal the Massachusetts Circular Letter, which had been
penned by Samuel Adams in protest of the Townshend Revenue Act.
Reference to the numbers 92 and 45 in songs and toasts helped solidify
opposition throughout the 13 colonies.
(MC, 11/16/01)(HNQ, 3/19/99)
1763 Dec 2, Touro Shul, the oldest
existing US synagogue, was dedicated in Newport, RI.
(MC, 12/2/01)
1763 Dec 28, John Molson, founder
of the Montreal Molson brewery, was born.
(MC, 12/28/01)
1763 The "Jnaneshvari" manuscript,
a commentary on the Bhagavad Gita, was completed in India. In this
period Hindu books began to vie with Muslim texts in the perfection of
their paper, calligraphy, illustration and binding.
(WSJ, 12/11/01, p.A17)
1763 Pierre Laclede and stepson
Auguste Chouteau notched a couple of trees that marked the site for
Laclede’s Landing that became St. Louis.
(SFC, 10/12/97, p.T5)
1763 British forces, under orders
from Sir Jeffrey Amherst, distributed smallpox-infected blankets among
American Indians in the 1st known case of its use as a biological
weapon.
(SFC, 10/19/01, p.A17)(NW, 10/14/02, p.50)
1763 The British proclaimed a law
forbidding Americans to move farther west into the Mississippi Valley
in order to avoid problems with the Indians.
(V.D.-H.K.p.223)
1763 Sir George Baker, physician
at the court of king George in England, published the treatisse:
"Concerning the Cause of the Endemial Colic of Devonshire." Cider
presses with lead fittings proved to be the culprit.
(NH, 7/96, p.52)
1763 The capital of Brazil was
changed from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro.
(USAT, OW, 4/22/96, p.3)(SFEC, 8/8/99, p.T8)
1763 A Chinese map drawn by Mo Yi
Tong imitated a world chart made in 1418. It showed barbarians paying
tribute to the Ming emperor Zhu Di. The map was unveiled to the public
in Beijing in 2006.
(Econ, 1/14/06, p.80)
1763 Russia annexed the Crimea
peninsula from Crimean Tartars and Ottoman Turks.
(SFC, 2/4/09, p.A5)
1763-1825 Jean Paul Richter, German author: "A timid
person is frightened before a danger; a coward during the time; and a
courageous person afterward." "Spring makes everything young again
except man."
(AP, 7/3/97)(AP, 3/20/98)
1763-1864 The Circassians, residents of the northwest
Caucasus, fought against the Russians in the Russian-Circassian War
only succumbing to a scorched earth campaign initiated in 1862 under
General Yevdokimov. Afterwards, large numbers of Circassians fled and
were deported to the Ottoman Empire, others were resettled in Russia
far from their home territories.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassians)
1763-1865 In 2003 Richard Clement authored "Books on
the Frontier: Print culture in the American West 1763-1875."
(SSFC, 1/4/04, p.M1)
1764 Jan 1, Wolfgang Amadeus
Mozart at 8 years old played for the Royal Family at Versailles in
France.
(MC, 1/1/02)
1764 Jan 25, Harvard Hall in
Cambridge, Mass., burned to the ground and destroyed most of the 5,000
volumes in its library.
(SFC, 5/10/97, p.A9)
1764 Feb 11, Marie-Joseph de
Chenier, French poet (Cajus Graechus), was born.
(MC, 2/11/02)
1764 Feb 15, The city of St. Louis
was established as a French trading post. Pierre Laclede Ligue and
stepson Auguste Chouteau notched a couple of trees that marked the site
for Laclede’s Landing that became St. Louis.
(SFC, 5/12/97, p.T5)(AP, 2/15/98)(440 Int’l.,
2/15/99)
1764 Feb 21, John Wilkes was
expelled from the English House of Commons for his "Essay on Women."
(MC, 2/21/02)
1764 Mar 13, Charles Earl Grey
(Whig), British Prime Minister (1830-1834), was born.
(HN, 3/13/98)(MC, 3/13/02)
1764 Apr 3, John Abernethy,
surgeon, was born in London.
(MC, 4/3/02)
1764 Apr 3, Austrian arch duke
Jozef crowned himself Roman Catholic king.
(MC, 4/3/02)
1764 Apr 15,
Jeanne-Antoinette-Poison LeNormant d'Etoiles, Marquis de Pomador, died.
(MC, 4/15/02)
1764 Apr 19, The English
Parliament banned the American colonies from printing paper money.
(HN, 4/19/97)
1764 May 1, Benjamin Henry
Latrobe, architect of the U.S. Capitol, was born.
(HN, 5/1/98)
1764 May 1, Gottfried Rieger,
composer, was born.
(MC, 5/1/02)
1764 May 15, Johann Nepomuk
Kalcher, composer, was born.
(MC, 5/15/02)
1764 May 24, Bostonian lawyer
James Otis denounced "taxation without representation" and called for
the colonies to unite in demonstrating their opposition to Britain's
new tax measures.
(HN, 5/24/99)
1764 Jun 21, William Sydney Smith,
British seaman, was born. He bested Napoleon Bonaparte at the port of
St. Jean d'Acre in the Mediterranean Sea.
(HN, 6/21/00)
1764 Jul 9, Ann Radcliffe,
novelist who wrote Gothic romances set in Italy, was born.
(HN, 7/9/98)
1764 Jul 16, Ivan VI (23), Emperor
of Russia (1740-41), was murdered.
(MC, 7/16/02)
1764 Sep 12, Jean Philippe Rameau,
French composer (Castor en Pollux), died at 80.
(MC, 9/12/01)
1764 Oct 22, Jean Marie I'aine
Leclair (67), composer, died.
(MC, 10/22/01)
1764 Oct 25, John Adams, future US
president, wed Abigail Smith. He called her “a constant feast.” Their
marriage lasted 54 years.
(AH, 10/04, p.15)
1764 Nov 16, Indians surrendered
to British in Indian War of Chief Pontiac.
(MC, 11/16/01)
1764 Nov 26, France banned Jesuits.
(MC, 11/26/01)
c1764 Tiepolo painted his
"Apotheosis of the Spanish Monarchy." It was a study for a ceiling in
Madrid.
(WSJ, 1/23/97, p.A12)
1764 Catherine the Great hired
Etienne-Maurice Falconet (1716-1791) of France to create a statue of
Peter the Great (d.1725). In 2003 Alexander M. Schenker authored "The
Bronze Horseman: Falconet's Monument to Peter the Great."
(WSJ, 12/18/03, p.D6)
1764 Horace Walpole (1717-1797),
son of Sir Robert Walpole and 4th earl of Orford, authored "The Castle
of Otranto," the 1st gothic novel.
(WUD, 1994 p.1607)(SSFC, 8/11/02, p.M1)
1764 Voltaire [Francois Marie
Arouet] (1694-1778), French philosopher, historian, dramatist and
essayist, authored the "Philosophical Dictionary."
(HNQ, 10/11/01)
1764 Half the slaves aboard the
ship Sally, owned by the Brown family, died enroute to Rhode Island.
(SSFC, 10/2/05, p.F3)
1764 Brown University was founded
in Rhode Island by the Brown family.
(SFC, 11/9/00, p.A22)(SSFC, 10/2/05, p.F3)
1764 The French established the
1st settlement on the Falkland Islands.
(Econ, 7/15/06, p.36)
1764 In Mexico Ignacio de
Jerusalem composed "Matins for Our Lady of Guadalupe." It was first
performed the Mexico City Cathedral.
(SFC, 6/24/97, p.B3)
1764 In Scotland the St. Andrew’s
golf course remodeled and cut its hole number from 22 to 18. The 40
yard fairways were also enlarged.
(SFEC, 8/10/97, Z1 p.4)
1764-1822 William Pinkney, American diplomat: "A
definition is no proof."
(AP, 2/15/99)
1765 Feb 9, Elisabetta de
Gambarini (33), composer, died.
(MC, 2/9/02)
1765 Mar 7, Joseph N. Niepce
(d.1883), French lithographer, inventor (photography), was born. Photo
etching was invented by Joseph Nicephore Niepce early in the 19th
century. He also invented photography. His partner, L.J.M. Daguerre,
perfected Niepce's process and popularized daguerreotypes as the first
commercial photographs.
(V.D.-H.K.p.273)(I&I, Penzias, p.114)(MC, 3/7/02)
1765 Mar 18, David H. Chass, Dutch
baron, general (fought Napoleon at Waterloo), was born.
(MC, 3/18/02)
1765 Mar 22, Britain enacted the
Stamp Act to raise money from the American Colonies. This was the first
direct British tax on the colonists. The Act was repealed the following
year. The tax covered just about everything produced by the American
colonists and began the decade of crisis that led to the American
Revolution. The Stamp Act taxed the legal documents of the American
colonists and infuriated John Adams.
(AP, 3/22/97)(HN, 3/22/97)(A&IP, p.13,18)
1765 Mar 24, Austrian Empress
Maria Theresa issued a decree to establish a School for Healing Animal
Diseases.
(StuAus, April '95, p.23)
1765 Mar 24, Britain enacted the
Quartering Act, requiring American colonists to provide temporary
housing to 10,000 British soldiers in public and private buildings.
(AP, 3/23/97)(HN, 3/24/98)
1765 Apr 5, Edward Young (81),
English poet (Love of Fame), died.
(MC, 4/5/02)
1765 May 7, Adm. Nelson's flagship
HMS Victory ran aground.
(MC, 5/7/02)
1765 May 25, The Gambia was made a
part of the British colony of SeneGambia with its headquarters at St.
Louis.
(http://www.vdiest.nl/gambia.htm)
1765 May 25, Pierre-Joseph Le Blan
(53), composer, died.
(SC, 5/25/02)
1765 May 28, Jean Baptiste
Cartier, composer, was born.
(MC, 5/28/02)
1765 May 29, Patrick Henry
denounced the Stamp Act before Virginia's House of Burgesses. It was
during this speech that Henry supposedly responded to cries of
"Treason!" by declaring, "If this be treason, make the most of it,"
according to an 1817 biography of Henry by William Wirt, who wrote that
he had confirmed the quote with former President Thomas Jefferson.
(AP, 5/29/08)
1765 Jul 16, Prime Minister of
England Lord Greenville resigned and was replaced by Lord Rockingham.
(HN, 7/16/98)
1765 Aug 14, Massachusetts
colonists challenged British rule by an Elm (Liberty Tree).
(MC, 8/14/02)
1765 Aug 21, William IV (d.1837),
king of England (1830-37) the "sailor king," was born.
(WSJ, 4/27/00, p.A24)(SC, 8/21/02)
1765 Aug 25, In protest over the
stamp tax, American colonists sacked and burned the home of
Massachusetts governor Thomas Hutchinson. In 1774 he was exiled to
Britain. In 1974 Bernard Bailyn authored “The Ordeal of Thomas
Hutchinson.”
(HN, 8/25/98)(WSJ, 8/25/07, p.P9)
1765 Sep, Printing of Diderot’s
complete Encyclopedie was finished despite unauthorized edits by Le
Breton, his chief publisher. The French government prohibited
distribution in Paris or near Versailles.
(ON, 4/05, p.10)
1765 Oct 7, Delegates from nine of
the American colonies met in New York to discuss the Stamp Act Crisis
and colonial response to it. This "Stamp Act Congress" went on to draft
resolutions condemning the Stamp and Sugar Acts, trial without jury and
taxation without representation as contrary to their rights as
Englishmen.
(AP, 10/7/97)(HN, 10/7/98)
1765 Oct 19, The Stamp Act
Congress, meeting in New York, drew up a declaration of rights and
liberties.
(AP, 10/19/97)
1765 Oct 20, William August (44)
duke of Cumberland, English supreme commander, died. [see Oct 31]
(MC, 10/20/01)
1765 Oct 21, Giovanni Paolo
Pannini (Panini), Italian painter and architect, died at 73.
(MC, 10/21/01)
1765 Oct 31, Duke of Cumberland,
English politician and general, died. He butchered Scots at Culloden.
[see Oct 20]
(MC, 10/31/01)
1765 Nov 1, The Stamp Act went
into effect, prompting stiff resistance from American colonists.
(AP, 11/1/97)(HN, 11/1/98)
1765 Nov 14, Robert Fulton,
inventor, was born. His steamboat, the Clermont, made its 1st voyage on
Aug 17, 1807.
(HN, 11/14/98)(WSJ, 7/27/04, p.D10)
1765 Nov 20, Friedrich Heinrich
Himmel, composer (Von Himmel Hoch), was born.
(MC, 11/20/01)
1765 Nov 23, Frederick County,
Md., became the first colonial entity to repudiate the British Stamp
Act.
(AP, 11/23/07)
1765 Dec 8, Eli Whitney (d.1825),
American inventor and manufacturer, was born. He invented the cotton
gin.
(CFA, '96, p.60)(HN, 12/8/00)
1765 In his Dissertation on the
Canon and Feudal Law, John Adams wrote that power had been pursued
throughout history for two very different ends: for tyranny on the one
hand and for the freedom of the individual or the community on the
other.
(WSJ, 2/12/96, p.A-12)
1765 Carlo Cozzi (Gozzi), Italian
fantasist, composed "The Green Bird."
(WSJ, 12/15/95, p.A-16)(WSJ, 3/8/96, p. A-8)(SFC,
9/15/00, p.C1)
1765 In America the "Daughters of
Liberty" was the first society of working women in the US and formed to
boycott British products and woven goods.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R25)
1765 Shaw Furniture of Cambridge,
Mass., was in business as early as this time and continued operating
into the 1920s. During the 18th century Shaw made furniture using
convict labor from Charleston State Prison.
(SFC, 10/29/08, p.G2)
1765 More than 100 Africans
perished on the slave ship Sally in the voyage from Africa. Some hanged
themselves or starved to death. Some rebelled and were shot dead or
drowned. In 2007 the ship's log book, detailing the deaths of slaves
that occurred almost daily aboard the ship, was encased in glass in an
exhibit at Brown University.
(Reuters, 3/29/07)
1765 Britain also stationed a
standing army of 6,000 in the colonies and required the colonists to
provide for units in settled areas. Later evidence indicated that poor
weather conditions led to poor crop seasons for 15 of 37 years prior to
the Revolution.
(SFC, 11/29/96, p.A14)
c1765 A group of men began meeting
at one another’s houses in Birmingham, England, and helped develop over
time new technologies that helped transform England to an industrial
power; they included Josiah Wedgwood, Erasmus Darwin, Matthew Boulton,
James Watt, and Joseph Priestley. In 2002 Jenny Uglow authored "The
Lunar Men," and account of their work.
(WSJ, 11/14/02, p.D6)
1765 John Taylor and Sampson Lloyd
established a bank in Birmingham that grew to become Britain’s Lloyds
TSB.
(Econ, 12/18/04, p.105)
1765 In France Hennessy began
producing cognac.
(Econ, 3/6/04, Survey p.6)
1765 La Compagnie des
Cristalleries de Baccarat, a glass factory, opened in France.
(SFC, 2/22/06, p.G6)
1765 K. Niebuhr, Danish visitor to
Mesopotamia, made copies of cuneiform inscriptions at Persepolis, which
were later used and deciphered by George Grotefund. He observed that
there was three kinds of writing--those which we now recognize as Old
Persian, Elamite, and Babylonian.
(RFH-MDHP, p.193)
1765 The Spanish King sent 92 rams
and 128 ewes to Saxony. This led to the development of the German wool
industry which set wool standards by the end of the century.
(NG, 5.1988, pp. 575)
1765 The Spanish Crown hired
Irishmen Col. Thomas O’Daly and Field Marshall Alexander O’Reilly to
upgrade the defenses of all of Spain’s Caribbean ports. They expanded
and improved El Morro and San Cristobal.
(HT, 4/97, p.33)
1765 Eberhard put erasers on
pencils. [see 1794]
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)
1765 Scotsman James Watt further
refined Thomas Newcomen’s piston system steam engine innovation by
adding a separate condenser. Watt took out a patent on his improved
engine in 1769.
(HNQ, 1/18/01)
c1765-1770 Tiepolo painted his "Annunciation."
(WSJ, 1/23/97, p.A12)
1765-1775 Ships from Salem, Mass., typically carried
12,000 quintals (220 lbs. per quintal) of salt cod to Europe and the
same amount to the West Indies.
(NH, 5/96, p.59)
1765 James Smithson (d.1829),
English scientist, was born. He bequeathed his entire estate to the
United States to found an establishment for the increase and diffusion
of knowledge, to be named the Smithsonian Institution. Smithson had the
mineral smithsonite (carbonate of zinc) named for him. Alexander Graham
Bell, scientist and inventor, escorted the remains of James Smithson,
founder of the Smithsonian Institution, to the United States in 1904
for interment in the original Smithsonian building.
(HNQ, 6/26/99)
1766 Jan 1, James Francis Edward
Stuart (b.1688), son of James III, died. The English prince was known
as the Old Pretender.
(HN, 1/1/99)(WUD, 1994 ed., p.1410)
1766 Jan, Jean-Jacques Rousseau,
philosopher and writer, arrived in London with Theresa Levasseur, his
governess and mistress. He was able to receive a modest pension from
George III.
(WSJ, 2/18/97, p.A18)
1766 Feb 11, The Stamp Act was
declared unconstitutional in Virginia.
(MC, 2/11/02)
1766 Feb 13, Thomas Robert Malthus
(d.1834), English economist, population expert (Law of Malthus), was
born.
(V.D.-H.K.p.253)(Internet)
1766 Feb 24, Samuel Wesley
(d.1837), composer, organist (Exultate Deo), was born in Bristol,
England. He studied, played, and preached Bach.
(LGC-HCS, p.32)(MC, 2/24/02)
1766 Mar 5, Spanish official Don
Antonio de Ulloa arrived in New Orleans to take possession of the
Louisiana Territory from the French.
(AP, 3/5/98)
1766 Mar 18, Britain repealed the
Stamp Act of 1765.
(AP, 3/18/97)(PCh, 1992, p.311)
1766 Mar 28, Joseph Weigl,
Austrian composer, conductor (Emmeline), was born.
(MC, 3/28/02)
1766 Apr 8, The 1st fire escape
was patented: a wicker basket on a pulley and chain.
(MC, 4/8/02)
1766 Apr 24, Robert Bailey Thomas,
founder of the Farmer's Almanac, was born.
(HN, 4/24/98)
1766 Jul 9, J. Schopenhauer,
writer, was born.
(MC, 7/9/02)
1766 Jul 11, Elisabeth Farnese
(73), princess of Parma, queen of Spain, died.
(MC, 7/11/02)
1766 Jul 24, At Fort Ontario,
Canada, Ottawa chief Pontiac and William Johnson signed a peace
agreement.
(HN, 7/24/98)
1766 Sep 6, John Dalton, English
scientist, was born. He developed the atomic theory of matter.
(HN, 9/6/00)
1766 Sep 17, Samuel Wilson, the
future Uncle Sam, was born in Menotomy Mass. Menotomy later became
Arlington. Samuel moved to Troy, New York, where he and his brother set
up meat packing plants which later provided food for the US Army during
the War of 1812.
(WC, Summer ‘97, p.3)
1766 Nov 16, Rudolphe Kreutzer
(d.1831), a leading French composer and violinist. Beethoven’s
"Kreutzer" Sonata was dedicated to him. His Stradivarius violin sold
for $1.58 mil. in 1998.
(WUD, 1994, p.795)(SFC, 4/2/98, p.E4)(MC, 11/16/01)
1766 Nov 25, Pope Clement XIII
warned of dangers of anti-Christian writings
(MC, 11/25/01)
1766 Dec 5, London auctioneers
Christie's held their 1st sale. The British auction house Christie’s
was sold in 1998 to Francois Pinault, a French businessman and art
collector.
(HT, 3/97, p.74)(WSJ, 5/15/98, p.W12)(WSJ, 5/19/98,
p.B10)(MC, 12/5/01)
1766 The Beekman Arms of
Rhinebeck, NY, began serving beer. In 2000 it was the oldest
continuously operating tavern in the US.
(SFEC, 6/25/00, Z1 p.2)
1766 Jonathan Carver, an
American-born British army officer, set out to cross the American
continent, but was stopped in Minnesota by a war between the Sioux and
Chippewa.
(SFC, 1/31/04, p.D12)
1766 The dentist Woofendale from
England was the first dentist in the US.
(SFC, 8/14/99, p.B3)
1766 In London the first paved
sidewalk was laid at Westminster.
(SFC, 7/14/99, p.3)
1766 Henry Cavendish isolated
hydrogen during experiments with H2O in England.
(NH, 7/02, p.32)
1766 France handed its settlement
on the Falkland Islands over to Spain.
(Econ, 7/15/06, p.36)
1766-1817 Germaine de Stael, French author: "There
are only two distinct classes of people on this earth: those who
espouse enthusiasm and those who despise it."
(AP, 7/10/00)
1766-1841 Thomas Bruce, the 7th Earl of Elgin. He
arranged for the 5th century BC frieze sculpture of the Greek
Parthenon, supposedly made under Phidias, to be sold to the British
Museum for 35,000 pounds. This was arranged when Greece was under
Ottoman rule. The marbles, originally painted, were unwittingly cleaned
in the 1930s and their original patina removed.
(SFC, 6/19/98, p.A12)(WUD, 1994, p.463)
1766-1848 Isaac D'Israeli, English author: "The wise
make proverbs and fools repeat them."
(AP, 2/26/00)
1767 Mar 15, Andrew Jackson
(d.1845), seventh President of the United States known as "Old
Hickory," was born in Waxhaw, South Carolina. The first American
president to be born in a log cabin, Jackson was a hero of the War of
1812, an Indian fighter and a Tennessee lawyer. Neither a particularly
intelligent man nor a wise one, Jackson became the symbol of his age by
being the right man believing in the right things at the right time.
Success was a race, Jackson believed, and the government’s primary
responsibility was to guarantee that every man got a fair chance at
winning. Jackson’s administration (1829-37) saw the development of
modern-style political parties and changes in the voting laws that
nearly tripled the electorate. Known for his strong will, Jackson was
fond of saying: "When I mature my course I am immovable." Jackson was
the first congressman from Tennessee and later became a senator and
state supreme court judge. Jackson was involved in a number of duels
and killed a man in one. Personal feuds with Thomas Jefferson led him
out of public life for some time. Jackson was elected president in 1828
and served until 1837. He initiated the spoils system and had the
first "Kitchen Cabinet" of intimate advisers. Jackson died June 8,
1845. In 1997 Max Byrd wrote "Jackson," a biographical novel.
(AP, 3/15/97)(WSJ, 5/14/97, p.A20)(HNQ,
4/30/99)(HNPD, 4/30/99)
1767 Mar 25, Joachim Murat
(d.1815), Napoleon's brother in law, was born in Labastide-Murat. He
was a French marshal and became king of Naples (1808-1815).
(WUD, 1994, p.941)(HN, 3/25/99)(HN, 3/25/99)
1767 Mar 30, Jonas Kristupas
Glaubicas, one of the founders of the Vilnius school of baroque
architecture, died.
(LHC, 3/30/03)
1767 May 13, Mozart's opera
"Apollo et Hyacinthus," premiered in Salzburg.
(MC, 5/13/02)
1767 May 14, British government
disbanded the import duty on tea in America.
(MC, 5/14/02)
1767 May 18, Thaddaus Ferdinand
Lipowsky (28), composer, died.
(SC, 5/18/02)
1767 May 25, Ferdinand Franzl,
composer, was born.
(SC, 5/25/02)
1767 May 25, Friedrich Johann Eck,
composer, was born.
(SC, 5/25/02)
1767 Jun 7, Daniel Boone sighted
present-day Kentucky. [see Jun 7, 1769]
(HN, 6/7/01)
1767 Jun 15, Rachel Robards
Jackson, U.S. first lady to Andrew Jackson, was born. She caused a
scandal by marrying Jackson before divorcing her husband.
(HN, 6/15/98)
1767 Jun 25, Mexican Indians
rioted as Jesuit priests were ordered home. The Jesuits were expelled
from Mexico and their work was taken over by the Dominican Fathers.
(WSJ, 12/26/97, p.A9)(HN, 6/25/98)
1767 Jun 25, Georg Philipp
Telemann (86), German composer, died.
(MC, 6/25/02)
1767 Jun 29, The British
Parliament approved the Townshend Revenue Acts, sponsored by statesman
Charles Townshend (1725-1767), which imposed import duties on glass,
lead, paint, paper and tea shipped to America. Colonists bitterly
protested, prompting Parliament in 1770 to repeal the duties on all
goods, except tea.
(WUD, 1994, p.1499)(HN, 6/29/98)(AP, 6/29/07)
1767 Jul 11, John Quincy Adams
(d.1848), son of John Adams and the sixth president of the United
States, was born in Braintree, Mass.
(AHD, 1971, p.14)(AP, 7/11/97)(HN, 7/11/98)
1767 Oct 9, The survey party of
Mason and Dixon came to a halt after 233 miles when Indians of the Six
Nations said they had reached the end of their commission. [see Oct 18]
(ON, 2/04, p.10)
1767 Oct 18, The boundary between
Maryland and Pennsylvania, the Mason-Dixon line, was agreed upon. It
was first surveyed in 1763 to 1767 by two British astronomers, Charles
Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, in order to settle a dispute between the
Calvert and Penn families, the owners at that time of the two states in
question. The survey, begun in 1763 and completed four years later,
done by English surveyors Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon to resolve a
land-grant boundary dispute between the families of Lord Baltimore and
William Penn, resulted in the Mason-Dixon Line. The line, extended in
1784, came to be known as the dividing line between free-soil states
and slave states.
http://freespace.virgin.net/john.cletheroe/usa_can/usa/mas_dix.htm
(AP, 10/18/97)(HNQ, 9/8/99)
1767 Oct 23, H. Benjamin Constant,
[de Rebeque], French politician and writer, was born.
(MC, 10/23/01)
1767 Dec 9, Benedetto Alfieri,
Italian architect (San Giovanni Battista), died.
(MC, 12/9/01)
1767 Fragonard (1732-1806) painted
"The Swing."
(SFC, 2/7/03, p.D2)
1767 Phillis Wheatley's (d.1784)
poetry was published for the first time. She traveled to England in
1773, where her book "Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral"
was hailed as the first published by an African American. In 1776 the
African slave-born poet met with George Washington in Cambridge, just
before the British evacuated Boston.
(HNPD, 2/20/99)(SSFC, 7/25/04, p.F3)
1767 Laurence Sterne authored his
novel "Tristram Shandy."
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)
1767 British explorer Jonathan
Carver described petroglyph images of snakes and buffalo near a cave at
bluffs in Minnesota called Wakan Tipi by the Dakota people.
(LP, Spring 2006, p.23)
1767 Christophe Willibald Gluck,
Vienna court Kappellmeister, composed his opera "Alcestis." It was
revised in 1776 for the Royal Paris Opera.
(WSJ, 10/21/99, p.A20)
1767 Burmese invaded the port city
of Ayutthaya (Siam-Thailand), sacked the city and left it in ruins. The
capital was then moved to Bangkok.
(WSJ, 4/21/05, p.D7)
1767 Robert Clive returned from
India to England with a huge fortune and was accused of embezzlement.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)
1767 George Hodgeson, British
entrepreneur, cut a deal with the East India Company to start providing
beer to the British Civil-service and merchant classes in the India
colonies. He doubled the hop content to help preserve the beer on its
long voyage.
(WSJ, 8/13/04, p.W6)
1767 The English found their way
to Tahiti.
(SFEC, 3/2/97, p.T12)
1767 English slave traders
captured 2 native nobles, Little Ephraim Robin John and Ancona Robin
John on the west coast of Africa and took them in chains to Dominica.
They soon escaped but were resold into slavery in Virginia. Some 4
years later they were taken to England and again resold and returned to
Virginia. They later made it back to their home on the Calabar River
(SE Nigeria) and became slave merchants themselves. In 2004 Randy J.
Sparks authored “The Princes of Calabar.”
(WSJ, 5/21/04, p.W4)
1767 Louis Antoine de Bougainville
of France sailed to the islands of New Guinea. He encountered the
ritual of gift giving to one's enemy, which obligated the enemy to give
back even more.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R4)
1767 In Scandinavia military ski
competitions began to offer prize money.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)
1767 Horace de Saussure, Swiss
scientist, developed a solar cooker using the greenhouse effect, in the
form of several glass boxes set inside one another and placed on a dark
surface.
(SFC, 7/11/07, p.F5)
1767-1780 Bernardo Belotto (Il Canaletto), Italian
topographical view painter, worked as court painter in Warsaw for
Stanislaus II Augustus Poniatowski, the last King of Poland.
(WSJ, 9/13/01, p.A18)
1767-1849 Maria Edgeworth, English novelist: "A
straight line is the shortest in morals as in mathematics."
(AP, 6/25/99)
1768 Jan 9, English cavalry
sergeant Philip Astley staged the first modern circus, performing
elaborate feats on the backs of horses racing around a ring.
(MC, 1/9/02)
1768 Feb 11, A Samuel Adams
letter, opposing Townshend Act taxes, was circulated among the American
colonies.
(MC, 2/11/02)
1768 Feb 12, Francis II, the Last
Holy Roman Emperor (1792-1806), was born.
(HN, 2/12/98)(MC, 2/12/02)
1768 Feb 24,
Lithuania-Poland signed an eternal friendship treaty with Russia along
with a guarantee of protection. Lithuania and Poland agreed not to
change their state system.
(LHC, 2/23/03)
1768 Mar 14, Vigilio Blasio
Faitello (58), composer, died.
(MC, 3/14/02)
1768 Mar 21, Jean-Baptiste-Joseph
Fourier (d.1830), French mathematician, physicist and Egyptologist, was
born.
(HN, 3/21/98)(WUD, 1994, p.561)
1768 Apr 5, 1st US Chamber of
Commerce formed in NYC.
(MC, 4/5/02)
1768 Apr 7, Michel Mathieu (78),
composer, died.
(MC, 4/7/02)
1768 Apr 20, Giovanni AC Canaletto
(70), Italian painter, cartoonist (Rialto), died.
(MC, 4/20/02)
1768 May 10, The imprisonment of
the journalist John Wilkes as an outlaw provoked violence in London,
England. Wilkes was returned to parliament as a member for Middlesex.
(HN, 5/10/99)
1768 May 15, By the Treaty of
Versailles, France purchased Corsica from Genoa.
(SFC, 12/3/96, p.A1)(HN, 5/15/99)
1768 May 20, Dolley Madison, first
lady of President James Madison, was born. She was famous as a
Washington hostess while her husband was secretary of state and
president.
(HN, 5/20/99)
1768 Jun 30, Elizabeth Kortright,
later Elizabeth Monroe, first lady to U.S. President James Monroe, was
born.
(HN, 6/30/01)
1768 Jul 27, Charlotte Corday,
French patriot who assassinated Jean Paul Marat, was born.
(HN, 7/27/98)
1768 Aug 26, Capt James Cook
departed from Plymouth with Endeavour to the Pacific Ocean. Daniel
Solander and Joseph Banks accompanied Cook to catalog plants and
animals of Australia and New Zealand on the 3-year journey.
(www.artstor.org/what-is-artstor/w-html/col-endeavour-london.shtml)(SSFC,
4/19/09, Books p.J7)
1768 Sep 4, Vicomte
François René de Chateaubriand, French writer, novelist
(Atala) and chef who gave his name to a style of steak, was born.
(HN, 9/4/98)(MC, 9/4/01)
1768 Oct 1, English troops under
general Gage landed in Boston.
(MC, 10/1/01)
1768 Oct 28, Germans and Acadians
joined French Creoles in their armed revolt against the Spanish
governor of New Orleans.
(HN, 10/28/98)
1768 Oct 28, Michel Blavet (68),
French court flautist and composer, died.
(MC, 10/28/01)
1768 Oct 30, 1st Methodist church
in US was initiated at Wesley Chapel, NYC.
(MC, 10/30/01)
1768 Nov 5, William Johnson, the
northern Indian Commissioner, signed a treaty with the Iroquois Indians
to acquire much of the land between the Tennessee and Ohio rivers for
future settlement.
(HN, 11/5/98)
1768 James Boswell (28) authored
"Account of Corsica."
(WSJ, 11/29/00, p.A24)
1768 John Dickinson (1732-1808)
wrote "The Liberty Song." The refrain included the words: "Then join
hand in hand, brave Americans all! By uniting we stand, by dividing we
fall."
(SFC, 11/2/02, p.D2)
1768 Cornelius de Pauw wrote a
book on America.
(WSJ, 8/28/97, p.A12)
1768 In Massachusetts the Jeremiah
Lee Mansion was built in Marblehead. Lee later became a fatality of the
Lexington-Concord battle.
(SFEC, 7/13/97, p.T9)
1768 The 1st four day royal
meeting was held at the Royal Ascot track west of London. Horse racing
there had begun in 1711.
(SFC, 6/21/06,
p.A2)(www.icons.org.uk/nom/nominations/royal-ascot)
1768 Seamen in London formed a
union and imposed a port strike that virtually halted all shipping.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R27)
1768 William Smellie, a young
Edinburgh botanist, was given the task of editing the first edition of
the Encyclopedia Britannica.
(NH, 5/96, p.3)(WSJ, 4/22/99, A1)
1768 Johan Friedrich Struensee, a
German doctor, was appointed as personal physician to the insane young
King Christian VII of Denmark. The doctor became lover to the queen,
Caroline Mathilde, the younger sister of George III of England.
Struensee was arrested and executed after 2 years.
(WSJ, 12/7/01, p.W16)
1768 In Guanajuato, Mexico,
enslaved Indians struck a major silver vein in Guanajuato.
(SSFC, 5/4/03, p.D7)
1768 King Carlos III of Spain sent
Father Junipero Serra from Mallorca to California.
(SFEC, 3/12/00, p.T4)
1768-1771 Capt. James Cook charted the coasts of both
the north and south islands of New Zealand and Australia. Cook made his
historic voyages in colliers, slow but strong ships designed primarily
for carrying coal. His ship was named the Endeavour. Cook's voyage to
Australia kept a botanical record called the Banks Florilegium. The 738
original plates commissioned by Sir Joseph Banks was not printed until
a 100 set limited edition in 1989.
(SFC, 6/18/96, p.D1)(WSJ, 10/5/99, p.A24)
1768-1774 The Russian and Ottoman War.
(HNQ, 5/6/02)
1768-1834 In India the brigand, Amir Khan Pindari,
was finally bribed by the British to retire with a grant of sovereignty
over 4 territories.
(SFC, 2/7/98, p.E8)
1769 Jan 10, Michel Ney, French
marshal (Waterloo), was born.
(MC, 1/10/02)
1769 Mar 23, William Smith,
geologist (Strata Identified by Organized Fossils), was born.
(SS, 3/23/02)
1769 Mar 27, Josef Antonin Gurecky
(60), composer, died.
(MC, 3/27/02)
1769 Mar, King Carlos III of Spain
chose Don Jose Galvez to protect interests in Mexico. Galvez sent
Gaspar de Portola and Father Junipero Serra with 62 Spanish soldiers
out to establish a settlement at San Diego and on a northerly journey
from Loreto to found missions along the Baha Peninsula and into
California. Jose Antonio Yorba was one of the 62 soldiers. For his
loyalty he received 62,000 acres of land that included much of what
later became Santa Ana, Tustin, Orange and Mosta Mesa.
(SFEC, 5/18/97, p.T5)(SFEC, 3/1/98, p.W34)(SFC,
6/17/98, p.C4)
1769 Mar, Captain Portola set out
with a group of soldiers, priests, Christian Native Americans and
muleteers. Their intention was to go as far as Monterey Bay but passed
it. Gaspar de Portola led the first European land expedition to sight
the San Francisco Bay from land. Captain Portola had been appointed
governor of Baja and Alta California and sent on an expedition to
explore and replace the Jesuits with Franciscans in the Baja missions
and start new Franciscan missions in Alta.
(SFC, 5/19/96,City Guide, p.16)(Park,
Spring/95)(SFC, 5/19/96,City Guide, p.16)
1769 Apr 12, Giovanni Agostino
Perotti, composer, was born.
(MC, 4/12/02)
1769 Apr 20, Ottawa Chief Pontiac
(bc1720) was murdered by an Indian in Cahokia.
(WUD, 1994, p.1117)(HN, 4/20/98)
1769 Apr 22, Madame du Barry
became King Louis XV's "official" mistress.
(MC, 4/22/02)
1769 Apr 24, Arthur Wellesley,
general, Duke of Wellington, was born. [see May 1]
(HN, 4/24/98)
1769 May 1,
Arthur Wellsley, Duke of Wellington "Iron Duke," was born. He defeated
Napoleon at Waterloo and later became the British prime minister
(1828-30). [see Apr 24]
(HN, 5/1/99)(MC, 5/1/02)
1769 May 7, Giuseppe Farinelli,
composer, singer, was born.
(MC, 5/7/02)
1769 Jun 7, Daniel Boone first
began to explore the present-day Bluegrass State as recognized by
Kentucky's Historical Society. [see June 7, 1767]
(AP, 6/7/97)
1769 Jun 11, Anne Newport Royall,
American newspaper reporter, was born.
(HN, 6/11/01)
1769 Jul 16, Father Junipero Serra
founded Mission San Diego de Alcala, the 1st mission in Calif. The
Franciscan friars soon planted cuttings of olive trees. California’s
first olive press was established in Ventura County in 1871.
(http://missions.bgmm.com/sdiego.htm)(SSFC, 8/27/06,
p.F2)
1769 Aug 15, Napoleon Bonaparte
(d.1821), Emperor of France (1804-1813, 1814-1815) and continental
Europe, was born on the island of Corsica.
(WUD, 1994, p.950)(AP, 8/15/97)(HN, 8/15/02)(MC,
8/15/02)
1769 Aug 18, Gunpowder in Brescia,
Italy, church exploded and some 3,000 were killed.
(MC, 8/18/02)
1769 Aug 29, Edmond Hoyle
(b.1672), English games expert, died.
(MC, 8/29/01)
1769 Sep 14, Baron Freidrich von
Humboldt (d.1859), German naturalist and explorer who made the first
isothermic and isobaric maps, was born.
(HN, 9/14/98)
1769 Sep 18, John Harris built the
1st spinet piano in the US.
(MC, 9/18/01)
1769 Oct, Captain Portola and his
party camped at what is now Pacifica. Portola sent Sergeant Jose Ortega
out to survey what was ahead.
(SFC, 5/19/96,City Guide, p.16)
1769 Nov 1-3, Sgt. Jose Francisco
Ortega with his scouting party first looked upon SF Bay from the
vicinity of Point Lobos.
(SFEC, 2/9/97, p.W4)
1769 Nov 4, Portola received
reports of a large bay ahead and went to see for himself. He crossed
Sweeney Ridge in San Mateo County and saw the SF bay. Francisco de
Ulloa was a navigator and member of the party.
(SFC, 5/19/96,City Guide, p.16)(SFEC, 9/21/97, p.C7)
1769 Dec 13, Dartmouth College, in
New Hampshire, received its charter.
(AP, 12/13/97)
1769 Los Angeles was born as El
Pueblo de Nuestra de Los Angeles.
(SFEC,12/797, p.T3)
1769 Gluck completed his opera
"Paride ed Elena." It was the last of 3 collaborations with librettist
Raniero de’ Calzabigi. It deals with the seduction of Helen by Paris.
(WSJ, 7/14/04, p.D14)
1769 Wolfgang von Kempelen of
Hungary invented the Automoton Chess Player. It was 1st demonstrated to
the Austrian court in 1770. In 2001 the deception was analyzed by James
W. Cook in his book "The Arts of Deception." In 2002 Tom Standage
authored "The Turk," an examination of the 18th century fascination
with automatons.
(WSJ, 7/12/01, p.A14)(WSJ, 4/12/02, p.W12)
1769 The Writer, built by Geneva
watchmakers, was a crafted mechanical puppet that sits at a mahogany
desk and is able to write a 40-word sentence with a quill pen.
(Hem., 2/96, p.112)
1769 Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, a
French military engineer, invented an ungainly, steam-powered tricycle
and practical steam locomotives and steamboats appeared early in the
next century, eventually superceded by the internal combustion engine.
(HNQ, 1/18/01)
1769 In Morocco the Sea Gate
(Porte de la Marine) was built in Mogador, later renamed Essaouira, to
link the harbor to the medina. About this time Sultan Sidi Mohammad Ibn
Abdelah transformed Mogador into an open city and encouraged its growth
as a commercial port.
(SFEC, 1/2/00, p.T4)
1769 Bhaktapur, Nepal, fell and
the triumphant Gurkhas took Kathmandu as their capital.
(SSFC, 9/21/03, p.C8)
1769 A transit of Venus took
place. It was timed in Tahiti by the party of James Cook
(Econ, 5/29/04, p.79)
1769-1772 Samuel Hearne, explorer for the Hudson Bay
Company, maintained an journal and his notes of the land are still a
standard reference.
(NH, 5/96, p.30)
1769-1775 Prithvi Narayan Shah, with whom we move
into the modern period of Nepal's history, was the ninth generation
descendant of Dravya Shah (1559-1570), the founder of the ruling house
of Gorkha.
(www.infonepal.com.np/shahs.htm)
1769-1821 Napoleon Bonaparte, self-crowned emperor of
France.
(V.D.-H.K.p.232)(WSJ, 11/18/96, p.A10)
1769-1830 Sir Thomas Lawrence, English painter. He
painted "Pinkie."
(AAP, 1964)(WUD, 1994, p.812)
1769-1843 Howqua, aka Wu Bingjian, Chinese merchant.
His father was permitted to trade silk and porcelain with foreigners.
He lent large sums in silver dollars to foreign traders in exchange for
a share of their shipments. He donated 1.1 million silver dollars
toward reparations after the First Opium War.
(WSJ, 1/11/98, p.R18)
1769-1849 Mehemet Ali, viceroy of Egypt from
1805-1848.
(WUD, 1994, p.892)
1769-1852 Apr 29, The First Duke of Wellington was
born. This was the title of Arthur Wellesley, also known as the Iron
Duke. He was a British soldier and statesman and defeated Napoleon at
the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. He became Prime Minister and served
from 1828-1830. [see 1815, Napoleon & 1828-1830, Wellington]
(CFA, '96, p.44)(AHD, p.1454)
1770 Feb 22, Jan Matyas Nepomuk
August Vitasek, composer, was born.
(MC, 2/22/02)
1770 March 5, British troops
taunted by a crowd of colonists fired on an unruly mob in Boston and
killed five citizens in what came to be known as the Boston Massacre.
The fracas between a few angry Boston men and one British sentry ended
with five men dead or dying in the icy street corner of King Street and
Shrimton’s Lane. Captain Thomas Preston did not order the eight British
soldiers under his command to fire into the hostile crowd. The nervous
soldiers claimed to be confused by shouts of "Why do you not fire?"
coming from all sides. Versions of the event rapidly circulated through
the colonies, bolstering public support for the Patriot cause. The
British Captain Preston and seven soldiers were defended by John Adams.
The captain and five of the soldiers were acquitted, the other two
soldiers were found guilty of manslaughter and were branded on the hand
with a hot iron. The first colonist killed in the American Revolution
was the former slave, Crispus Attucks, shot by the British at the
Boston Massacre. The event was later illustrated by Boston engraver
Paul Revere.
(HFA, '96, p.26)(A&IP, Miers, p.18)(SFC,
12/18/96, p.A25)(AP, 3/5/98)(HN, 3/5/98)(HNPD, 3/5/99)(WSJ, 4/12/08,
p.W14)
1770 Mar 27, Giovanni B. Tiepolo
(73), Italian painter (Banquet of Cleopatra), died.
(MC, 3/27/02)
1770 Apr 7, William Wordsworth,
English poet laureate, was born. He wrote "The Prelude" and "Lyrical
Ballads." In 1998 Kenneth R. Johnston published "The Hidden Wordsworth:
Poet, Lover, Rebel, Spy." The biography covered the first 30 years of
the poet’s life. In 1896 Emile Legouis also published a biography of
the poet’s youth. The poet was responsible for such phrases as: "love
of nature," "love of man," and "emotion recollected in tranquility."
(V.D.-H.K.p.230)(WSJ, 6/23/98, p.A18)(SFEC, 8/23/98,
BR p.5)(HN, 4/7/99)
1770 Apr 9, Captain James Cook
discovered Botany Bay on the Australian continent.
(HN, 4/9/98)
1770 Apr 11, George Canning,
British prime minister (1827) , was born.
(HN, 4/11/98)
1770 Apr 12, British Parliament
repealed the 1967 [Townshend] Townsend Acts that put duties on certain
products imported to the US.
(WUD, 1994, p.1499)(HN, 4/12/98)
1770 Apr 19, Capt. James Cook
first saw Australia. [see Apr 9]
(MC, 4/19/02)
1770 Apr 20, Captain Cook arrived
in New South Wales, Australia.
(HN, 4/20/98)
1770 Apr 28, Marie AC de Camargo
(60), Spanish-Italian-Belgian dancer, died.
(MC, 4/28/02)
1770 May 10, Charles Avison (61),
composer, died.
(MC, 5/10/02)
1770 May 16, Marie Antoinette
(14), married the future King Louis XVI of France (15).
(AP, 5/16/97)(HN, 5/16/98)
1770 Jun 3, Father Junipero Serra
founded Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo on the shores of
Monterey Bay as a chapel for the new Spanish Presidio of Monterey. A
year later he moved the mission to Carmel.
(SSFC, 11/25/01, p.C5)(www.sancarloscathedral.net/)
1770 Jun 7, Earl of Liverpool, (C)
British PM (1812-27), was born.
(SC, 6/7/02)
1770 Jul 6, The entire Ottoman
fleet was defeated and destroyed by the Russians at the battle of
Chesme [Cesme] on the Aegean Sea.
(HN, 7/6/98)(WSJ, 4/29/99, p.A24)(HNQ, 8/25/99)
1770 Jun 11, Capt. James Cook,
commander of the British ship Endeavour, discovered the Great Barrier
Reef off Australia by running onto it.
(AP, 6/11/97)(HN, 6/11/98)
1770 Jul 18, Isabel Godin, having
traveled from Ecuador the length of the Amazon, reunited with her
husband Jean Godin in French Guiana.
(ON, 5/05, p.4)
1770 Aug 1, William Clark,
American explorer, was born in Charlottsville, VA. He led the Corps of
Discovery with Meriwether Lewis.
(HN, 8/1/00)(MC, 8/1/02)
1770 Aug 24, Thomas Chatterton
(b.1752), English poet (Revenge), committed suicide.
(MC, 8/24/02)
1770 Aug 27, The German
philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) was born in
Stuttgart. He wrote "The Science of Logic." Hegel greatly influenced
Karl Marx. His method was to metaphysicize everything, that is, to
discern in concrete reality the working of some Idea or Universal Mind.
Hegel proposed that all change, all progress, is brought about by the
conflict of vast forces. A world-historical figure or nation or event
lays down a challenge. This thesis, as he called it, is opposed by an
antithesis. The conflict between them is resolved, inevitably, by a
synthesis of the two forces on a higher plane of being.
(V.D.-H.K.p.258)(AP, 8/27/97)(HN, 8/27/98)
1770 Nov 13, George Grenville
(58), British premier (1763-65), Stamp Act, died.
(MC, 11/13/01)
1770 Nov 19, Albert Bertel
Thorvaldsen, sculptor (Dying Lion), was born in Copenhagen, Denmark.
(MC, 11/19/01)
1770 Dec 9, Gottlieb Theophil
Muffat (80), composer, died.
(MC, 12/9/01)
1770 Dec 12, The British soldiers
responsible for the "Boston Massacre" were acquitted on murder charges.
(HN, 12/12/98)
1770 Dec 16, Ludwig Von Beethoven
(d.1827), German composer best known for his 9th Symphony, was born in
Bonn. His Sixth Symphony "Pastorale" was in F-Major. Locks of his hair
were cut off after his death and preserved by a number of collectors.
(CFA, '96, p.60)(WUD, 1994, p.134)(WSJ, 5/29/96,
p.A1,5)(AP, 12/16/97)(SFC, 7/7/98, p.B3)(HN, 12/16/98)
1770 Dec 17, Johann Friedrich
Schubert, composer, was born.
(MC, 12/17/01)
1770 Dec 26, Pierre earl de
Cambronne, French general (Waterloo, Elba), was born.
(MC, 12/26/01)
1770 George Stubbs, Britain’s
finest painter of animals, did a portrait of the Duke of Richmond’s
imported yearling bull moose. It was commissioned by anatomist William
Hunter (1718-1783) to see if the moose was related to the fossil Irish
giant deer.
(NH, 8/96, p.17)
1770 The "New England
Psalm-Singer" by William Billings was released.
(WSJ, 10/17/96, p.A20)
1770 Capt. George Cartwright, a
British adventurer and entrepreneur, established the fishing village of
Cartwright on the east coast of Labrador, Canada.
(NH, 6/96, p.56)
c1770 A monastery was built in
Cartagena, Colombia, that served as the seat of the Inquisition
Tribunal for Spain. It later became the Hotel Santa Clara.
(SSFC, 5/18/03, p.C12)
1770 Francois Boucher (b.1703),
French painter, died. He painted "Diana."
(Econ, 10/9/04, p.79)
1770-1772 John Copley painted the portrait of Samuel
Adams in Boston.
(WSJ, 6/14/95, p.A-14)
1770-1779 Shakers originated in England in the 1770s
as the United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearance.
(SFC, 6/21/01, p.C2)
1770-1779 William Addis invented the toothbrush in
the 1770s while a prisoner in Newgate Prison.
(SFC, 7/14/99, Z1 p.3)
1770-1779 Blacks were 1st brought to Argentina in the
1770s to toil on large haciendas and work as domestic servants.
(SSFC, 11/27/05, p.A24)
Go to 1771-1779