Timeline 1575-1599
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1575 Jan 22,
English queen Elizabeth I granted Thomas Tallis and William Byrd a
music press monopoly.
(MC, 1/22/02)
1575 Sep 21, A major hurricane
hit Puerto Rico on the feast day of St. Matthew and became known as
the San Mateo hurricane.
(SSFC, 8/6/06, Par p.24)
1575 Jul 25, Christoph
Scheiner, astronomer, was born in Germany.
(SC, 7/25/02)
1575 Nov 8, French
Catholics and Huguenots signed a treaty.
(MC, 11/8/01)
c1575 Titian painted "The
Flaying of Marsyas."
(SFC, 8/27/98, p.E3)
1575 Torquatto Tasso, Italian
poet, wrote "Jerusalem Liberated," an epic of the First Crusade.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1575 The Dresden Court
Orchestra undertook its first concert tour.
(WSJ, 4/30/96, p.A-12)
1575 Thomas Tallis and Wm.
Byrd, English organists and composers, published their Cantiones, a
collection of 34 motets, after being granted a royal license to
print and sell music.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1575 Stephen Bathory was
elected King of Poland, after the defection of Henry, who became
King of France.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1575 William of Orange, facing
defeat, offered the sovereignty of the Netherlands to Queen
Elizabeth, who declined the offer.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1575 Hungarian mines abolished
child labor.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R25)
1575 In India the Mughal Emp.
Akbar conquered Bengal.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1575 In Japan a battle was
fought that arrayed 3,000 guns against men on horseback using
stirrups. The gun force won and changed the course of Japanese
fighting.
(WSJ, 6/9/99, p.A27)
1575 The first European
porcelain was produced in Florence, but it was much inferior to the
Chinese original. Janet Gleason later published "Arcanum: The
Extraordinary Story of the Invention of European Porcelain."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)(WSJ, 8/28/98, p.W10)
1575 Plague swept through Italy
and Sicily.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1575 Leyden Univ. was founded
to commemorate the great siege.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1575 The Bols family arrived in
Amsterdam to open ‘het Lootsje’ where they would distill liqueurs.
This was the starting point of what would become the world’s oldest
distillery. Bols began producing Genever, a Dutch style of gin, in
1664. In 2007 it opened a House of Bols museum in the museum quarter
in the Dutch capital. It was dedicated to the history of Jenever
(also known as genever or jeniever), the juniper-flavored alcoholic
liquor from which gin evolved. The museum is housed on two floors of
the Bols headquarters at 14 Paulus Potterstraat. Originally sold as
a remedy for lumbago muscular pain, the traditional Dutch and
Flemish drink was allegedly invented at the end of the 16th century
by Sylvius de Bouve, a chemist, alchemist, renowned scholar and
professor at the university of Leyden.
(http://amsterdam.wantedineurope.com/news/news.php?id_n=2999)(www.lucasbols.com/index.asp)(WSJ,
5/31/08, p.A12)
1575 Spain faced bankruptcy and
could not pay its troops in the Netherlands.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1575-1649 In Mexico the construction of La
Immaculada Concepcion cathedral in Puebla.
(SFEC, 11/8/98, p.T8)
1576 Jan 19, Hans Sachs (81),
cobbler, poet, composer, inspiration for Wagner's "Die
Meistersinger", died.
(MC, 1/19/02)
1576 Feb 3, Henry of Navarre
(future Henry IV) escaped from Paris.
(MC, 2/3/02)
1576 Feb 5, Henry of Navarre
renounced Catholicism at Tours.
(MC, 2/5/02)
1576 May 6, The peace treaty of
Chastenoy ended the fifth war of religion.
(HN, 5/6/98)
1576 Mar 8, Diego Garcia de
Palacios, a representative of Spain's King Felipe II, wrote to the
crown with news of the ruins at Copan in western Honduras.
(AP, 3/7/05)
1576 May 29, Spanish army under
Mondragón conquered the Zierik sea.
(SC, 5/29/02)
1576 Jul 28, Martin Frobisher,
English navigator, discovered Frobisher Bay in Canada. He explored
the Arctic region of Canada and twice brought tons of gold back to
England that was found to be iron pyrite. Michael Lok, textile
exporter, led the financing for the 1st expedition which was made to
find a route to China. Lok was later sued for losses from 3
expeditions.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(SFEM, 11/15/98, p.26)(ON,
12/03, p.7)
1576 Jul, The Spanish ship San
Felipe departed Manila for the port of Acapulco. It wrecked on the
coast of Baha, California. Artifacts from the wreckage were later
used to identify the ship.
(SFC, 8/23/11, p.C1)
1576 Aug 27, The Venetian
painter Titian (Tiziano Vecelli), born about 1488, died of the
plague. His handling of color and mastery of new oil techniques made
him one of the greatest painters of the Renaissance.
(Reuters,
8/28/01)(www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tita/hd_tita.htm)
1576 Oct 12, Rudolf II, the
king of Hungary and Bohemia, succeeded his father, Maximillian II,
as Holy Roman Emperor.
(HN, 10/12/98)
1576 Nov 8, All 17 provinces of
the Netherlands united in the Pacification of Ghent in the face of
Spanish occupation. The 17 provinces of the Netherlands formed a
federation to maintain peace.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(HN, 11/6/98)
1576 Jean Bodin, French
political theorist, published his Six Books of the Commonwealth,
wherein he argues that the basis of any society is the family.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1576 Carolus Clusius, French
botanist, published his treatise on the flowers of Spain and
Portugal. It was the first modern work on botany.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1576 The basilica of San
Petronio was erected by Egnatio Danti, a mathematician and Dominican
friar who worked for Cosimo I dei Medici, the Grand Duke of Tuscany.
The structure included a solar observatory. Danti also advised Pope
Gregory on calendar reform.
(SFC, 10/25/99, p.A4)
1576 The Theater in Shoreditch,
London, was built by James Burbage (d.1597). It was the 1st
permanent playhouse in England.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(ON, 11/03, p.1)
1576 The Fifth War of Religion
in France ended with the Peace of Monsieur. The Huguenots were
granted freedom of worship in all places except Paris.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1576 Francois Viete, French
mathematician, introduced the use of letters for quantities in
algebra.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1576 An epidemic of plague
Venice. In 2006 a well-preserved skeleton was found on the
Lazzaretto Nuovo island, north of the lagoon city, amid other
corpses buried in a mass grave. Experts said the remains of a
woman with a brick stuck between her jaws indicated that she was
believed to be a vampire.
(AP, 3/14/09)
1576 Rudolf II was crowned King
of the Holy Roman Empire and moved the Imperial Court from Vienna to
Prague.
(WSJ, 7/10/97, p.A13)
1576 In Mexico the town of
Mineral de Pozos was founded as a mining town. In 1982 the Mexican
government declared it a national historic treasure.
(SSFC, 11/30/08, p.E5)
1576 Mutinous Spanish forces
sacked Antwerp in "the Spanish Fury."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1576 Maximilian II, Holy Roman
Emp., died and was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, Rudolf II.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1577 Feb 8, Robert Burton
(d.1640), writer, Anglican clergyman (Anatomy of Melancholy), was
born. "A mere madness, to live like a wretch and die rich."
(AP, 8/19/98)(MC, 2/8/02)
1577 Feb 26, Erik XIV Wasa
(43), King of Sweden (1560-69), died.
(SC, 2/26/02)
1577 Jun 28, Pietro Paul Rubens
(d.1640), Flemish painter, was born in Germany, the child of
protestants exiled from Antwerp. His work included "Helene Fourment"
and "The Abduction of the Daughters of Leucippus."
(AAP, 1964)(WUD, 1994, p.1250)(HN, 6/28/01)
(Econ, 5/15/04, p.81)
1577 Sep 23, William of Orange
made his triumphant entry into Brussels, Belgium.
(HN, 9/23/98)
1577 Oct 17, Cristofano Allori,
Italian painter (Judith), was born.
(MC, 10/17/01)
1577 Nov 15, Sir Francis Drake
aboard Pelican began his travel from Chile to Washington. [see Dec
13]
(MC, 11/15/01)
1577 Dec 13, Sir Francis Drake
of England set out with five ships on a nearly three-year journey
that would take him around the world. His mission was to find Terra
Australis and raid their Spanish colonies on the west coast of South
America. He raided Spanish ships in the Pacific and returned with a
4,500% profit on his investment. [see Nov 15]
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(AP, 12/13/97)(WSJ, 1/11/99,
p.R49)(SFC, 10/29/99, p.A6)
1577 Painter El Greco (36),
born in Crete as Domenikos Theotokopoulos, went to Spain and settled
there permanently in Toledo.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(WSJ, 6/18/01, p.A16)
1577 Raphael Holinshed
published his "Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1577 London’s second playhouse,
The Curtain, opened in Finsbury.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1577 Javanese fled the spread
of Islam and reached Bali where they kept alive early traditions of
Indonesian music.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1577 The Sixth War of Religion
erupts in France. After five months it ends with the Peace of
Bergerac. The Huguenots gain more concessions.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1577 Francisco Hernandez,
Spanish explorer traveling through Mexico’s highlands, noted the
many uses of the maguey (agave) plant. He cited it as a useful fuel,
a material for cloth and ropes, with sap used to make vinegar and
wine.
(Arch, 9/02, p.32)
1577 Don John of Austria,
Governor of the Netherlands, issued his Perpetual Edict by which all
Spanish troops were to be withdrawn from the Netherlands and ancient
liberties restored.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1577 Danzig surrendered to
Stephen Bathory, King of Poland.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1577 Tsar Ivan the Terrible
sent an army to the Volga region with orders to kill as many
Cossacks as possible. Robbing bands of Cossacks, including a group
under Yermak, had seriously disrupted Russian commerce in the area.
(ON, 2/04, p.1)
1577 Cossacks under Yermak
migrated northeast and negotiated a deal with the Stroganoff
brothers to serve as "frontier guards" in the Ural Mountains.
(ON, 2/04, p.1)
1577 Fray Luis de Leon, Spanish
scholar and poet at Salamanca, was released from prison after
serving 5 years for heresy. He greeted his students with the words:
"As I was saying, yesterday..."
(SSFC, 6/8/03, p.C8)
1578 Jan 28, Cornelis Haga,
Dutch lawyer, ambassador to Constantinople (1611-39), was born.
(MC, 1/28/02)
1578 Feb 9, Giambattista
Andreini, Italian playwright, actor (L'adamo), was born.
(MC, 2/9/02)
1578 Mar 31, Juan de Escobedo,
secretary of Spanish land guardian Don Juan, was murdered.
(MC, 3/31/02)
1578 Apr 1, William Harvey
England (d.1657), discoverer of blood circulation, was born.
(HN, 4/1/99)(WUD, 1994, p.648)
1578 Apr 14, Philip III, king
of Spain and Portugal (1598-1621), was born.
(HN, 4/14/97)
1578 Jul 11, England granted
Sir Humphrey Gilbert a patent to explore and colonize US.
(MC, 7/11/02)
1578 Dec 5, Sir Francis Drake
sailed into the port of Valparaiso. He had renamed his flagship, the
Pelican, to the Golden Hind, and ravaged the coasts of Chile and
Peru on his way around the world.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(ON, 7/03, p.7)
1578 Li Shih-Chen summed up
Chinese pharmacology in his "Great Pharmacopoeia."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1578 John Lely (Lyly), English
dramatist and novelist, began "Eupheus [Euphues], the Anatomy of
Wit," an early novel of manners.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(Ot, 1993, p.25)
1578 Sebastian, King of
Portugal, invaded Morocco and was killed along with the King of Fez
and the Moorish Pretender in the Battle of Alcazar. He is succeeded
by Cardinal Henry.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1578 The catacombs of Rome were
discovered by accident.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1578 Faience, a tin-glazed
earthenware, was manufactured at Nevers, France, by the Conrade
brothers.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1578 Don John of Austria died
of fever. He was succeeded as Governor of the Netherlands by
Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1578-1657 William Harvey, English physician,
discovers the way the heart pumps blood through the arteries and
veins of the body.
(V.D.-H.K.p.197)
1579 Jan 6, The Union of
Atrecht (French: Arras) was an accord signed in Atrecht (Arras),
under which the southern states of the Spanish Netherlands, today in
Wallonia and the Nord-Pas-de-Calais (and Picardy) regions in France,
expressed their loyalty to the Spanish king Philip II and recognized
the landlord, Don Juan de Austria. It is to be distinguished from
the Union of Utrecht, signed later in the same month. The Peace of
Arras ensured that the southern provinces of The Netherlands were
reconciled to Philip II. It joined the Low Country Walloons
(Catholics) with those of Hainaut and Artois.
(http://en.allexperts.com/e/u/un/union_of_atrecht.htm)(PCh, 1992,
p.200)
1579 Jan 25, The Union of
Utrecht brought together seven northern, Protestant provinces of the
Netherlands against the Catholics. Known as the United Provinces,
they become the foundation of the Dutch Republic. The Treaty of
Utrecht was signed, marking the beginning of the Dutch Republic.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(AP, 1/25/98)
1579 Mar 1, Sir Francis Drake
waylaid a Spanish treasure galleon, the Nuestra Senora de la
Concepcion, off the coast of Panama.
(ON, 7/03, p.7)
1579 Mar 23, Friesland joined
the Union of Utrecht.
(SS, 3/23/02)
1579 Jun 17, Sir Francis Drake
sailed into San Francisco Bay and proclaimed English sovereignty
over New Albion (California). Some claim that Sir Francis Drake
sailed into the SF Bay. Sir Francis Drake claimed San Francisco Bay
for England. It may have been Drake’s Bay or Bolinas Lagoon. In 1999
there were 17 proposed locations for his landing with the latest set
in Oregon and described by Bob Ward in the book "Lost Harbor Found."
A brass plate, allegedly left by Drake, was found in 1993, but
determined to be a fake in 1977.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(SFEC, 2/9/97, p.W4)(HN,
6/17/98)(SFEC, 8/22/98, p.T6) (SFC, 10/29/99, p.A3)(SFC, 2/15/03,
p.A1)
1579 Jun 17, There was an
anti-English uprising in Ireland.
(MC, 6/17/02)
1579 Jul 26, Francis Drake left
SF to cross Pacific Ocean.
(MC, 7/26/02)
1579 Jul 29, Spain's King
Philip II arrested plotters Antonio Perez and Princess of Eboli.
(MC, 7/29/02)
1579 Nov 21, Thomas Gresham
(b.1519), English merchant and financier, died. He worked for King
Edward VI of England and for Edward's half-sister Queen Elizabeth I
of England. Gresham’s Law: "Bad money drives out good." Gresham's
law is commonly stated as: "When there is a legal tender currency,
bad money drives good money out of circulation." Or, more
accurately, "Money overvalued by the State will drive money
undervalued by the State out of circulation."
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gresham)
1579 Dec 20, John Fletcher,
Elizabethan dramatist (Phylaster) was baptized.
(MC, 12/20/01)
1579 Giambologna began the
"Rape of the Sabine," a remarkable example of Mannerist sculpture.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1579 "Plutarch’s Lives,"
biographies of noble Greeks and Romans of the first and second
centuries AD, were translated into English from the French.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1579 Edmund Spenser, English
poet, wrote "The Shepheardes Calender," an eclogue (pastoral or
idyllic poem) for each month of the year.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1579 Christopher Saxton
published a map of England. His maps were the first to show England
in any detail.
(Econ, 4/4/09, p.85)
1579 Portuguese merchants set
up trading stations in Bengal.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1579 Portuguese explorer Juan
Rodriguez Cabrillo discovered San Diego Bay. His mate, Bartolome
Ferrelo, continued exploring north. [see 1542]
(SFEC, 3/1/98, p.W34)
1579 Roshan of Afghanistan was
killed in a battle with the Moghuls, but his struggle for
independence continued.
(www.afghan, 5/25/98)
1579 In Istanbul the
astronomical observatory of Takiyuddin Efendi, constructed from
1575-1577, was deemed blasphemous and ordered destroyed by the
Sultan. Takiyuddin Rasid (d. 1585), mathematician, physicist and
mechanical scientist had united the schools of Maragha, Samarkand
and Cairo-Damascus in himself and established the Istanbul
Observatory.
(www.phys.boun.edu.tr/~semiz/universe/near/04.html)(http://tinyurl.com/48rr4sq)
1580 Jan 18, Antonio Scandello
(63), Italian composer (Passion of John), died.
(MC, 1/18/02)
1580 Mar 15, Spanish king
Philip II put 25,000 gold coins on head of Prince William of Orange.
(MC, 3/15/02)
1580 Apr 18, Thomas Middleton,
English playwright (Game of Chess), was born.
(MC, 4/18/02)
1580 Jun 10, Luis Camoes
(b.1524), Portuguese poet, died. He fought in colonial battles in
Morocco and India and lost one eye. He was arrested in a street
brawl in Lisbon and left for India. He traveled to Macao and
Mozambique after which he published "Os Lusiadas" (The Lusiads,
1572), a poem that glorified Vasco da Gama and the history of
Portugal.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es)(SFC, 6/4/99,
p.D6)(SSFC, 3/10/02, p.M3)
1580 Jun 18, States of Utrecht
outlawed Catholic worship.
(MC, 6/18/02)
1580 Jun 27, Duke of Alba's
army occupied Portugal.
(MC, 6/27/02)
1580 Jul, Some 540 Cossacks
under Yermak invaded the territory of the Vogels, subjects to
Kutchum, the Khan of Siberia. They were accompanied by 300
Lithuanian and German slave laborers, whom the Stroganoffs had
purchased from the Tsar.
(ON, 2/04, p.2)
1580 Aug 19, Andrea Palladio
(b.1508), Renaissance architect, writer (Il Redentore, Venice),
died. He designed the Teatro Olimpico in Vincenza just before his
death. It was completed by Vincenzo Scamozzi. Palladio authored "The
Four Books on Architecture." In 2002 Witold Rybczynski authored "The
Perfect House," on the villas of Palladio.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Palladio)(WSJ, 12/10/98,
p.A20)(WSJ, 11/8/02, p.W12)
1580 Aug 25, Spain defeated
Portugal in the Battle of Alcantara.
(chblue.com, 8/25/01)
1580 Sep 26, Francis Drake
returned to Plymouth, England, at the end of his voyage to
circumvent the globe. Drake was knighted and awarded a prize of 10
thousand pounds. His crew of 63 split a purse of 8 thousand pounds.
(TL-MB, p.23)(HN, 9/26/99)(ON, 7/03, p.8)
1580 Nov 9, Spanish troops
landed in Ireland.
(MC, 11/9/01)
1580 Nov 26, French Huguenots
and Catholics signed a peace treaty. France’s 7th War of Religion
broke out and ended with the Peace of Fleix.
(TL-MB, p.23)(PCh, 1992, p.200)(MC, 11/26/01)
1580 Wu Bin (d.1643), Ming
Dynasty painter, was born. His work included "Pine Lodge Amid Tall
Mountains."
(SFC, 3/13/03, p.E1)
c1580 Lavinia Fontana of
Bologna painted her "Portrait of a Noblewoman." Her father was
Prospero Fontana who collaborated with Giorgio Vasari on decorations
for the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence.
(SFC, 3/30/98, p.D1)
1580 Paolo Veronese
(1528-1588), Italian painter, completed about this time his oil on
canvas “Judith With the Head of Holofernes.”
(SFC, 10/29/11, p.E1)
1580 Michel de Montaigne,
French scholar and nobleman, wrote his personal essays entitled "Les
Essais." His 107 essays included “On the Cannibals.”
(Econ, 12/17/11,
p.54)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essays_%28Montaigne%29)
1580 Longleat Estate,
Wiltshire, England, originally an Augustinian priory, was completed
as an Italianate mansion. Longleat was built by Robert Smythson.
(NG, Nov. 1985, M. Girouard, p.685)(TL-MB, 1988,
p.23)
1580 Edmund Campion and Robert
Parsons began a Jesuit mission in England.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1580 John Dee, mathematician
and warden of Manchester College in England, invented the crystal
ball.
(SFEC, 1/3/99, z1 p.8)
1580 A 2nd Buenos Aires was
founded near the mouth of the Rio de la Plata.
(SSFC, 10/14/01, p.T5)
1580 Austrian Archduke Karl
created a royal stud farm for horses in Lipizza.
(SFC, 7/6/02, p.D2)
1580 Carlo Borromeo, Archbishop
of Milan, established the first Sunday schools.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
c1580 Tupac Amuru, an Inca
leader, held out against the Spanish conquest after most of the
empire had been subdued.
(SFC, 12/20/96, p.B4)
1580 In Slovenia 6 stallions
were brought from Spain to the stable at Lipica (Lipizza) by a
Hapsburg duke. The breed mixed with the Karst horse, native to the
region since Roman times, and with others horses to forge the
Lipizzaners.
(WSJ, 12/22/98, p.A16)
1580 Sir Francis Drake rounded
the promontory of what later became Cape Town, South Africa.
(SFEC, 10/15/00, p.T8)
c1580 The Songhai controlled
West Africa’s wealthiest empire.
(ATC, p.122 )
1580 The Duke of Alba invaded
Portugal and put it under Spain’s rule. Spain’s Philip II was
proclaimed King Philip I of Portugal and united the colonial empires
of Spain and Portugal.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)(PCh, 1992, p.200)
1581 Guillaume Postel, French
intellectual, mathematician and Kabbalist, died. In 1957 William
James Bouwsma (d.2004) authored "The Career and Thought of Guillaume
Postel (1510-1581)."
(Internet)
1580-1640 The Azores was occupied by Spain and
bullfighting was introduced.
(SFEC, 5/24/98, p.A10)
1580-1850 A Little Ice Age gripped the Northern
Hemisphere during this period.
(SFC, 2/10/06, p.A6)
1581 Jan 4, James Ussher
(d.1656), Irish prelate and scholar, Archbishop of Armagh, was born.
According to Ussher and Dr. John Lightfoot of Cambridge, the world
was created on Oct 23, 4004BC, a Sunday, at 9 a.m.
(WUD, 1994, p.1574)(NG, Nov. 1985, edit.
p.559)(HN, 10/23/98)(MC, 1/4/02)
1581 Jan 14, The city of Riga
joined the Polish-Lithuanian union.
(LHC, 1/14/03)
1581 Jan 16, English parliament
passed laws against Catholicism.
(MC, 1/16/02)
1581 Mar 1,The Warsaw
government accepted the statutes of the Lithuanian high tribunal.
(LHC, 3/1/03)
1581 Apr 4, Frances Drake
completed the circumnavigation of the world and was made a knight.
(HN, 4/4/98)(MC, 4/4/02)
1581 May 6, Frans Francken, the
Younger, painter, was born.
(MC, 5/6/02)
1581 Jun 18, Sir Thomas
Overbury, English poet and courtier who became involved in numerous
scandals in London, was born.
(HN, 6/18/98)
1581 Jul 14, English Jesuit
Edmund Campion was arrested.
(MC, 7/14/02)
1581 Oct 15, Commissioned by
Catherine De Medici, the 1st ballet "Ballet Comique de la Reine,"
was staged in Paris.
(MC, 10/15/01)
1581 Oct 19, Dimitri
Ivanovitch, Russian son of Ivan IV "the Terrible," was born.
(MC, 10/19/01)
1581 Dec 1, Edmund Campion
(41), English Jesuit was hanged drawn and quartered at Tyburn,
England, for sedition, after being tortured. Other Jesuits were also
executed.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)(HN, 12/1/99)(PCh, 1992,
p.200)
c1581 Franz Hals (d.1666),
painter, was born.
(WUD, 1994 p.640)(SFEC, 9/3/00, p.T7)
1581 Adriaen de Vries
(1556-1620), Dutch sculptor, turned up in Florence and began working
under the sculptor Giovanni Bologna. Here he mastered the art of
bronze casting.
(WSJ, 1/6/98, p.A20)(WSJ, 12/7/99, p.A24)
1581 The first dramatic ballet,
"Ballet Comique de la Reyne," was performed at Versailles.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1581 The flageolet (a small
flutelike instrument having a cylindrical mouthpiece, four finger
holes, and two thumb holes) was invented by Sieur Juvigny.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1581 Converts to Roman
Catholicism in England were subject by law to penalties of high
treason.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1581 Pope Gregory XIII
attempted in vain to reconcile the Roman and Orthodox churches.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1581 The seven northern
provinces of the Netherlands renounced their allegiance to Philip II
of Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1581 The Portuguese Cortes
(national assembly) submitted to Philip II of Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1581 Akbar, Mughal Emperor of
India, conquered Afghanistan.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1581 Stephen Bathory, King of
Poland, invaded Russia.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1581 Russia’s Tsar Ivan IV
killed his son in a dispute over his son’s bride.
(HC, 9/5/04)
1581 Russia began the conquest
of Siberia. Cossacks under Yermak subdued Vogul towns and captured a
tax collector of Khan Kutchum.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)(ON, 2/04, p.2)
1581 Bernal Diaz del Castillo
(b.1492/93), Spanish conquistador and governor of Santiago de los
Caballeros (Antigua, Guatemala), died. He wrote “Verdadera Historia
de la Conquista de Nueva España” (True History of the
Conquest of New Spain) in response to claims made in the earlier
work by Cortes’ chaplain. It was not published until his manuscript
was found in Madrid in 1632.
(SSFC, 5/21/06,
p.M3)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernal_Diaz_del_Castillo)
1581 Sweden and Poland overran
Livonia (a territory that included southern Latvia and northern
Estonia).
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1581 Galileo Galilei, Italian
scientist, discovered the isochronous (equal time) swing of the
pendulum by observing a swinging lamp in Pisa Cathedral.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1582 Jan 15, Russia ceded
Livonia and Estonia to Poland, and lost access to Baltic.
(MC, 1/15/02)
1582 Feb 24, Pope Gregory XIII
issued a papal bull, or edict, outlining his calendar reforms. The
old Julian Calendar had an error rate of one day in every 128 years.
This was corrected in the Gregorian Calendar of Pope Gregory XIII,
but Protestant countries did not accept the change till 1700 and
later. [see 1552 and Oct 4, 1582]
(HFA, '96, p.22)(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)(HN,
6/7/98)(SFEC, 2/20/00, Par p.7)(AP, 2/24/02)
1582 Apr 8, Phineas Fletcher,
poet, was born.
(MC, 4/8/02)
1582 May, Cossacks under Yermak
advanced on the capital of Sibir. A coalition of 6 Tatar princes
attacked them but lacked guns and were routed after several days of
battle.
(ON, 2/04, p.2)
1582 Jun 29, Tatar forces
attacked invading Cossacks on the Tobol River but Cossack gunfire
again repelled them.
(ON, 2/04, p.2)
1582 Aug 10, Russia ended its
25-year war with Poland. Russia and Poland concluded the Peace of
Jam-Zapolski under which Russia lost access to the Baltic and
surrendered Livonia and Estonia to Poland.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)(HN, 8/10/98)
1582 Sep 8, A small
Belarussian-Lithuanian force overcame a larger Muscovite force.
(SFC, 9/2/96, p.A12)
1582 Sep, Tatar forces that
included Voguls and Ostiaks gathered at Mount Chyuvash to defend
against invading Cossacks.
(ON, 2/04, p.2)
1582 Oct 1, Cossacks attempted
to storm the Tatar fort at Mount Chyuvash, but were held off.
(ON, 2/04, p.4)
1582 Oct 4, The Church Council
at Trent, Italy, discussed the error of 10 days in the calendar as
referenced to the spring equinox which was used to establish the
date for Easter. Pope Gregory announced a correction, "The Gregorian
Adjustment," and had Oct. 4 followed by Oct. 15. The calendar is
accurate to a day in 3,323 years. [see 1552]
(K.I.-365D, p.97)(NG, March 1990, J.
Boslough)(SFEC, 2/20/00, Par p.7)
1582 Oct 4, Theresa of Avila
(b.1515), Spanish mystic writer and saint, died. She co-founded with
John of the Cross (1542-1591) the Order of Discalced (barefoot)
Carmelites. "Untilled ground, however rich, will bring forth
thistles and thorns; so also the mind of man."
(CU, 6/87)(WUD, 1994, p.769)(AP, 12/8/97)(MC,
10/4/01)
1582 Oct 5, The Gregorian
calendar was introduced in Italy, other Catholic countries. Nothing
happened. This day was skipped and became Oct 15 to bring the
calendar into sync by order of the Council of Trent. In 1998 David
Ewing Duncan published "Calendar: Humanity’s Epic Struggle to
Determine a True and Accurate Year." In Bohemia the anti-Gregorian
astronomer Michael Mestlin proclaimed that the pope was stealing 10
days from everyone’s life. [see Sep 3, 1752]
(K.I.-365D, p.97)(NG, March 1990)(SFEC, 9/27/98,
BR p.5)(MC, 10/5/01)
1582 Oct 5-14, The days when
nothing happened.
(SFEC, 9/27/98, BR p.5)
1582 Oct 15, The Gregorian (or
New World) calendar was adopted in Italy, France, Luxembourg, Spain,
and Portugal; and the preceding ten days were lost to history. This
day followed Oct 4 to bring the calendar into sync. by order of the
Council of Trent. Oct 5-14 were dropped.
(K.I.-365D, p.97)(NG, March 1990, J.
Boslough)(HN, 10/15/98)(SFEC, 10/3/99, Par p.27)
1582 Oct 23, Cossacks attempted
to storm the Tatar fort at Mount Chyuvash for a 4th time when the
Tatars counterattacked. Over a 100 Cossacks were killed but their
gunfire forced a Tatar retreat allowed the capture of 2 Tatar
cannons.
(ON, 2/04, p.4)
1582 Nov 1, Maurice of Nassau,
the son of William of Orange, became the governor of Holland,
Zeeland and Utrecht.
(HN, 11/1/98)
1582 Nov 27, William
Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway.
(MC, 11/27/01)
1582 Nov, Tsar Ivan IV sent an
official letter to the Stroganoff brothers accusing them of
provoking the Voguls and Ostiaks by sending Yermak and his Cossacks
into Siberia.
(ON, 2/04, p.5)
c1582 Ludovico Carracci,
Italian artist, painted "The Lamentation."
(WSJ, 9/8/00, p.W8)
1582 Richard Hakluyt, English
clergyman and geographer, wrote "Divers Voyages Touching the
Discovery of America."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1582 Sir Philip Sidney
(1554-1586) completed his collection of sonnets on one theme,
"Astrophil and Stella." He also wrote his "Defense of Poetry" about
this time.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1582 Joseph Scaliger devised
the Julian Period as a way to measure time. He named day 1 after his
father, Julius Scaliger, and it begins on Jan. 1, 4713 BC, the most
recent time that the three major cycles (28 year solar cycle, 10
year lunar cycle, and the 15 year indication cycle of the Romans)
begin on the same day. It will take 7,980 Julian years for the cycle
to complete, the product of 28, 19 and 15.
(CFA, '96,Vol 179, p.98)
1582 William of Orange escaped
an assassination attempt.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1582 The Univ. of Edinburgh was
founded.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1582 A Jesuit mission was
founded in China.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1582 Mapmakers labeled New
England in the New World as Norumbega.
(SFC,12/5/97, p.C3)
1582 Nobunaga, ruler of Japan,
was assassinated by Akechi Mitsuhide. He was succeeded by Hideyoshi,
who killed Mitsuhide and carried on the work of breaking feudal
power.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1582 In Spain Fernando Alvarez
de Toledo (b.1507), military and political advisor to Philip II,
died. In 2004 Henry Kamen authored ”The Duke of Alba.”
(WSJ, 7/1/04, p.D8)
1583 Feb 20, Joseph Sanalbo,
Jewish convert in Rome, was burned at stake on 27 Shebat.
(www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12816-rome)(http://jewishholidaysonline.com/1583)
1583 Apr 10, Hugo Grotius
(d.1645) of Holland, father of international law, was born. Huig de
Groot (Latinized as Hugo Grotius), Dutch jurist and statesman, is
generally regarded as the founder of international law because of
his influential work "On the Law of War and Peace" published in
1625. He became a member of a diplomatic mission to France at age 15
and began practicing law at 16. A liberal Protestant, de Groot
became involved in religious disputes in the Netherlands and was
arrested in 1618 and sentenced to life imprisonment. He escaped in
1621 and fled to Paris. He served the Swedish government as
ambassador to France from 1634-1644.
(HN, 4/10/98)(HNQ, 3/15/00)
1583 Aug 5, Humphrey Gilbert,
English explorer, annexed Newfoundland in the name of Queen
Elizabeth and founded the first English settlement in the New World.
His colony disappeared. He drowned this same year at sea in a storm
off the Azores.
(HFA, '96, p.36)(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)(SFEM,
11/15/98, p.26)
1583 Sep 9, Girolamo
Frescobaldi (d.1643, Italian composer, was born.
(MC, 9/9/01)(WUD, 1994 p.568)
1583 Sep 24, Albrecht Eusebius
Wenzel von Wallenstein, German general, was born.
(MC, 9/24/01)
1583 Oct 30, Pirro Ligorio
(83), Italian architect, painter and archaeologist, died.
(MC, 10/30/01)
1583 Nov, Francis Throckmorton
(b.1554) was arrested. He made a full confession of the Throckmorton
Plot for the overthrow of Queen Elizabeth I and the restoration of
papal authority in England after being tortured on the rack. [see
Jul 20, 1584]
(HNQ, 10/8/98)
1583 Albrecht Wenzel von
Wallenstein (d.1634), soldier of fortune, was born. He prospered by
providing armed regiments to Ferdnand, the Habsburg emperor. He
acquired a fortune through marriage to an elderly widow with huge
estates in Moravia. He was appointed governor of Bohemia and later
was ordered killed by the emperor.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)
1583 Giovanni da Bologna
completed the sculpture "The Rape of the Sabine Women" for the court
of the Medicis in Florence.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1583 Andrea Cesalpino, Italian
botanist, published "De Plantis," the first modern classification of
plants.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1583 The painting “Newborn Baby
in a Crib” by Lavinia Fontana (1552-1614), Italian artist, was
completed about this time.
(WSJ, 12/23/08,
p.D7)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavinia_Fontana)
1583 Sir Edmund Tilney, Master
of the Revels, formed the Queen’s Company of Players in London.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1583 Toyotomi Hideyoshi
(1536-1598), Japan’s unifier and folk hero, laid the foundation for
Osaka Castle. It was completed in 1587. Civil war and fire destroyed
the castle several times. The castle was rebuilt in 1931 and
refurbished in 1997.
(Hem, 9/04, p.41)
1583 The first known life
insurance policy was issued in England on the life of Londoner
William Gibbons. His life was insured for L383 6s 8d at a premium of
eight per cent per annum.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1583 Veronica Franco, a
courtesan, was later described in a 1992 dissertation titled "The
Honest Courtesan: Veronica Franco, Citizen & Writer in 16th
Century Venice" by Margaret F. Rosenthal. In 1997 it was made into
the film "Dangerous Beauty" with Catherine McCormick. The film was
set in Venice of this year during the annual courtesan festival.
(SFEC, 1/4/98, DB. p.38)(SFC, 2/20/98, p.C8)(WSJ,
11/18/97, p.B1)
1583 Rudolf II moved the
Imperial Court of the Holy Roman Empire from Vienna to Prague.
(WSJ, 7/10/97, p.A13)
1583 The Duke of Anjou sacked
Antwerp in the "French Fury," but failed to capture it and retired
from the Netherlands to France.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1583 Galileo discovered the
parabolic nature of trajectories.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1583 De Espejo explored along
the Colorado River.
(NG, 5.1988, Mem For)
1583 Matteo Ricci, an Italian
Jesuit, entered China. He was later accused of "going native," and
ignoring his mandate to spread the faith.
(WSJ, 9/4/98, p.W12)
1583 Envoys of Yermak reached
Tsar Ivan IV and presented him with valuable bundles of furs from
Siberia. Ivan wrote a full pardon for Yermak and his men and
promised to send reinforcements and supplies to Siberia.
(ON, 2/04, p.5)
1584 Jan 7, This was the last
day of the Julian calendar in Bohemia & Holy Roman empire. The
1582 Gregorian (or New World) calendar was adopted by this time in
Belgium, most of the German Roman Catholic states and the
Netherlands.
(SFEC, 10/3/99, Par p.27)(MC, 1/7/02)
1584 Mar 18, Ivan IV (53), the
terrible, Russian tsar (1547-84), died. He was succeeded by his
weak-minded son, Fyodor I. Boris Godunov, Fyodor’s brother-in-law,
assumed general control. During his rule Ivan replaced the sale of
beer and mead with vodka at state-run taverns.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)(MC, 3/18/02)(SFC, 9/5/03,
p.A8)
1584 Mar 25, Sir Walter
Raleigh, English explorer, courtier, and writer, renewed Humphrey
Gilbert's patent to explore North America. He went on to settle the
Virginia colony on Roanoke Island (North Carolina), naming it after
the virgin queen.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)(MC, 3/25/02)
1584 Apr 29, Melchior Teschner,
composer, was born.
(MC, 4/29/02)
1584 Jul 10, William of Orange
(1533-1584), Prince of Orange (1544-1584), Count of Nassau
(1559-1584), and first stadholder of the United Provinces of the
Netherlands, was assassinated by Burgundian Balthasar Gerard (25)
with a handgun. Philip II of Spain had called for a volunteer
assassin due to William’s reluctance take a public stand on
religious issues. William was succeeded by his 17-year-old son,
Maurice of Nassau. In 2006 Lisa Jardine authored “The Awful End of
Prince William the Silent.”
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)(WSJ, 4/5/06, p.D8)
1584 Jul 20, Francis
Throckmorton was executed. He was the central figure in the
conspiracy involving France and Spain, which called for a French
invasion of England and the release from prison of Mary, Queen of
Scots. [see Nov, 1583]
(HNQ, 10/8/98)
1584 Nov 23, The English
parliament expelled the Jesuits.
(MC, 11/23/01)
1584 Dec 4, John Cotton,
English-born Puritan clergyman who wrote "The Way of the Church of
Christ in New England," was born.
(HN, 12/4/98)
c1584 Miles Standish, head of
the Mayflower colonists, was born in England. His precise place of
birth was still under dispute in 2004.
(WSJ, 11/24/04, p.A1)
1584 Lavinia Fontana of Bologna
painted her "Portrait of the Gozzadini Family."
(SFC, 3/30/98, p.D1)
1584 Sir Philip Sidney began
the radical revision of his pastoral romance "Arcadia."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1584 The oldest surviving
lighthouse (wave-swept) was begun at Cordonau, by the mouth of the
Gironde River in France.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1584 A Dutch trading post was
established at the Russian port of Archangel.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1584 Portugal dominated the
world’s sugar trade and sold Brazilian sugar to Europe.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1584 A European public banking
system was begun with the establishment of the Banco di Rialto in
Venice.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1584 The San Lorenzo del
Escorial Palace in Madrid, begun in 1563, was completed. It was
consecrated in 1586
(www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia)
1584-1652 John Cotton, US clergyman, colonist and
author.
(WUD, 1994, p.331)
1585 Apr 5, Clemens Crabbeels
became bishop of Hertogenbosch.
(MC, 4/5/02)
1585 Jun 7, English sea captain
John Davis set sail from Dartmouth to search for a Northwest passage
linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
(ON, 11/05, p.8)
1585 Jul 7, King Henri III
& Duke De Guise signed the Treaty of Nemours: French Huguenots
lost all freedoms.
(MC, 7/7/02)
1585 Jul 13, A group of 108
English colonists, led by Sir Richard Grenville, reached Roanoke
Island, North Carolina. Roanoke Island near North Carolina became
England's first foothold in the New World. Sir Walter Raleigh sent a
detachment of 108 men to build a fort on the island. The detachment
included two scientists, Thomas Hariot, a surveyor, mathematician,
astronomer and oceanographer, and Joachim Gans, a metallurgist. John
White, English artist and surveyor, was part of the expedition.
(NG, Geographica, Jan, 94)(HN, 7/13/98)(ON,
10/01, p.1)
1585 Jul 17, English secret
service discovered Anthony Babington's murder plot against queen
Elizabeth I.
(MC, 7/17/02)
1585 Aug 7, Tatar forces of
Khan Kutchum attacked a sleeping Cossack expedition under Yermak
near the mouth of the Vagay River in Siberia. The Cossacks were
decimated and Yermak drowned wearing a suit of armor given him by
Tsar Ivan.
(ON, 2/04, p.5)
1585 Sep 9, Duc Armand Jean du
Plessis de Richelieu (d.1642), French cardinal and statesman who
helped build France into a world power under the leadership of King
Louis XIII, was born. He was premier of France from 1624 to 1642.
(HN, 9/9/98)(MC, 9/9/01)
1585 Sep 9, Pope Sixtus V
deprived Henry of Navarre of his rights to the French crown.
(HN, 9/9/98)
1585 Oct 8, Heinrich Schutz,
German composer, was born. [see Oct 14]
(MC, 10/8/01)
1585 Oct 14, Heinrich Schutz,
German royal chaplain master and composer (Daphne), was born. [see
Oct 8]
(MC, 10/14/01)
1585 Nov 23, Thomas Tallis,
composer, died.
(MC, 11/23/01)
1585 Dec 13, William Drummond
(d.1649), Scottish poet and laird of Hawthornden, was born. His
chief collection, "Poems," appeared in 1616. "He, who will not
reason, is a bigot; he, who cannot, is a fool; and he, who dares
not, is a slave."
(HN, 12/13/99)(AP, 6/22/00)
1585 Dec 14, Henry IV, the
first Bourbon king of France, was born. He survived the massacre of
St. Bartholomew’s by proclaiming himself a Catholic.
(HN, 12/14/99)
1585 Archduke Karl II, ruler of
Styria in eastern Austria, granted the Faculties of Arts and
Catholic Theology in Graz an official Univ. charter. He entrusted
the Jesuits with the administration.
(StuAus, April '95, p.53)
1585 The Jesuits founded a
university in Graz, Austria.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1585 Archbishop of Mexico,
Pedro Moya de Contreras, dispatched Spanish captain Francisco Gali
to proceed to Manila from Acapulco, and "to reconnoiter down the
coast" on his return trip.
(SFC,10/17/97, p.A25)
1585 An obelisk that had been
brought from Egypt to Rome by the emperor Caligula was erected at
the Vatican.
(RFH-MDHP, p.213, illustration)
1585 The War of the Three
Henries [Henry III, Henry of Guise, and Henry of Navarre] began when
Henry of Navarre, a Huguenot, became heir to the French throne.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1585 Elizabeth extended her
protection to The Netherlands against Spain to avenge the murder of
William of Orange.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1585 Antwerp was sacked by the
Duke of Parma, resulting in long-lasting loss of trade for that
port.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1585 Francis Drake attacked the
Spanish ports of Vigo and Santo Domingo. English shipping in Spanish
ports was then confiscated as a virtual declaration of war by
Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1585 Sir Francis Drake sailed
through the Virgin Islands to plunder Spanish ships.
(NG, Jan, 1968, C. Mitchell, p. 69)
1585 Simon Stevin, Dutch
mathematician and military and civil engineer, introduces decimals
into the mathematical calculations of his physics in Die Thiende.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1585 The Dutch used the first
time-bombs in floating mines actuated by clockwork at the siege of
Antwerp.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1585 Bartholomew Newsam built
the earliest surviving English spring-driven clocks.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1585 John Davis, English
explorer, discovered the strait named after him between Greenland
and Canada.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1585 Hideyoshi in Japan
established a dictatorship.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)(Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 215)
1585 The ruler of Morocco
captured the Songhai’s salt mines in Taghaza and puts his eye on the
Songhai source of gold.
(ATC, p.122)
1585 Luca Cambiaso (b.1527),
Genovese Renaissance painter, died in San Lorenzo de El Escorial,
Spain, where he was working under commission for King Phillip II.
(www.artnet.com/artist/3516/luca-cambiaso.html)
1586 Jan 1, Francis Drake, who
left England on a new voyage to America last September, made a
surprise attack on the heavily fortified city of Santo Domingo in
Hispaniola, forcing the governor to pay a large ransom.
(HN, 1/1/99)
1586 Jun 19, English colonists
sailed from Roanoke Island, N.C., after failing to establish
England's first permanent settlement in America.
(AP, 6/19/97)
1586 Jan 20, Johann Hermann
Schein, German composer (Fontana d'Israel), was born.
(MC, 1/20/02)
1586 Jan 25, Lucas Cranach "the
Younger" (70), German painter, died.
(MC, 1/25/02)
1586 Feb 8, Jacob Praetorius,
composer, was born.
(MC, 2/8/02)
1586 Apr 11, Pietro Della
Valle, composer, was born.
(MC, 4/11/02)
1586 Apr 17, John Ford
(d.1640), English dramatist ('Tis Pity She's a Whore), was born.
(WUD, 1994 p.554)(MC, 4/17/02)
1586 May 7, English sea captain
John Davis set sail from Dartmouth with 3 ships in a 2nd attempt to
find a Northwest passage linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
When Davis returned in October he learned that one ship, the North
Star, had been lost with all hands in a gale near the coast of
Ireland.
(ON, 11/05, p.9)
1586 Jun 18, English colonists
sailed from Roanoke Island, N.C., after failing to establish
England's first permanent settlement in America. The Roanoke
colonists returned to England with 2 friendly Indians. They left
behind 15 well-provisioned men to maintain the English claim.
(AP, 6/18/07)(ON, 10/01, p.1)
1586 Jun 23, Sir Francis Drake
encountered the Roanoke Island Hurricane off the Atlantic coast.
Harsh weather caused Drake to evacuate the settlers back to England.
(SFC, 6/23/09, p.D8)
1586 Jul 27, Sir Walter Raleigh
returned to England from Virginia with the 1st samples of tobacco.
(HN, 7/27/01)(MC, 7/27/02)
1586 Jul 28, Sir Thomas Harriot
introduced potatoes to Europe.
(SC, 7/28/02)
1586 Sep 10, Hans Hannibal
Hutter von Hutterhofen, Austrian nobleman, was born. Johannes Kepler
later drew up his horoscope.
(SFC, 3/3/99, p.A7)
1586 Sep 20, Anthony Babington,
page and conspirator to Mary Stuart, was executed at 24.
(MC 9/20/01)
1586 Oct 14, Mary, Queen of
Scots, went on trial in England, accused of committing treason
against Queen Elizabeth the First. Mary was beheaded in February
1587.
(AP, 10/14/06)
1586 Oct 17, Philip Sidney
(b.1554), English poet and diplomat, died in battle at 32. His work
included "Astrophel and Stella" and "Defense of Poesy." In 2002 Alan
Stewart authored "Philip Sidney: A Double Life."
(MC, 10/17/01)(SSFC, 1/20/02, p.M4)
1586 Adriaen de Vries left
Florence for Milan where he began working on the high altar for the
Escorial near Madrid.
(WSJ, 1/8/99, p.C13)
1586 El Greco began to paint
"The Burial of Count Orgaz." This depicted the miracle of the
saintly count’s funeral, where St. Augustine and St. Stephen
personally descend from heaven to bury the corpse with their own
hands.
(TL-MB, p.24)(WSJ, 11/6/03, p.D10)
1586 In Japan Kabuki theater
began. [see 1603]
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)
1586 The Lateran Church of St.
John, Rome, was rebuilt on the orders of Pope Sixtus V, who
succeeded the late Gregory XIII.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1586 In America relations with
the local Indians soured after the English soldiers attacked a
village, and soon the English returned home.
(NG, Geographica, Jan, 94)
1586 Sir Francis Walsingham,
principal secretary to Queen Elizabeth I, uncovered a conspiracy by
Mary, Queen of Scots, that called for a rebellion of Catholics, the
landing of a foreign army and the assassination of the queen.
(WSJ, 8/17/05, p.D14)
1586 Ralph Fitch, the first
Englishman to record his impressions of Burma, took note of the
qualities of the Schwedagon. Archeologists later said the 320-foot
high golden pagoda was built in the 10th century by the Mon people.
(WSJ, 2/23/08, p.W14)
1586 Akbar, the greatest Mughal
Emperor of India, attempted to establish "Din Illahl" as a universal
religion acceptable to his many Hindu subjects. The movement
eventually collapsed under the 18th-century Muslim revival.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1586 In Mexico the Mina El Eden
(Eden Mine) opened in Zacateca. It yielded a bounty of silver, gold,
iron and zinc for over 3 centuries.
(SFEC, 11/10/96, p.T3)
1586 Spanish Captain Francisco
Gali died in Manila and Pedro de Unamuno took command of his 2 ships
to return to Acapulco. He stopped in Macao where his ships were
confiscated by the Portuguese. He obtained a loan from Father Martin
Ignacio de Loyola, the nephew of the founder of the Jesuit order,
and purchased a small ship to return to Acapulco with 2 priests, a
few soldiers, and a crew of Luzon Indians.
(SFC,10/17/97, p.A25)
1586 Stephen Bathory, King of
Poland, died and was succeeded by Sigismund III.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1586 The Turks attacked the
Hungarian fortress at Eger again. The mercenary occupants
capitulated.
(Hem., 6/98, p.126)
1586-1618 In Chile the San Francisco Church was
built in Santiago.
(SFEC, 10/27/96, p.T8)
1587 Jan 8, Johannes Fabricius,
astronomer who discovered sunspots, was born in Denmark.
(HN, 1/8/99)(MC, 1/8/02)
1587 Feb 1, Elizabeth I, Queen
of England, signed the Warrant of Execution for Mary Queen of Scots.
(HN, 2/1/99)
1587 Feb 8, Mary Stuart, Queen
of Scots (1560-67), was beheaded at age 44 in Fotheringhay Castle
for her alleged part in the conspiracy to usurp Elizabeth I. In 2004
Jane Dunn authored "Elizabeth and Mary: Cousins, Rivals, Queens." In
2006 studies identified an oil painting of Mary as the only one made
of Mary as queen.
(HN, 2/8/99)(PCh, 1992, p.203)(USAT, 2/5/04,
p.5D)(SFC, 8/18/06, p.E2)
1587 Mar 1, Peter Wentworth,
English parliament leader, was confined in London Tower. [see Mar
12]
(SC, 3/1/02)
1587 Mar 12, Peter Wentworth,
English parliament leader, was confined in London Tower. [see Mar 1]
(MC, 3/12/02)
1587 Apr 19, Sir Frances Drake
sailed into Cadiz, Spain, and sank the Spanish fleet.
(MC, 4/19/02)
1587 May 18, Felix van
Cantalice, Italian saint, died.
(SC, 5/18/02)
1587 May 19, English sea
captain John Davis set sail from Dartmouth with 3 ships in a 3rd
unsuccessful attempt to find a Northwest passage linking the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. 2 ships spent the journey fishing and
managed to cover expenses.
(ON, 11/05, p.9)
1587 Jul 22, A second English
colony of 114-150 people under John White, financed by Sir Walter
Raleigh, was established on Roanoke Island off North Carolina. The
colony included 17 women and 9 children. Croatoan Indians informed
them that Roanoke Indians had killed the men from the previous
expedition. A three-year draught, the worst in 800 years, peaked
during this time.
(AP, 7/22/97)(SFC, 4/24/98, p.A3)(SFEM, 11/15/98,
p.23)(ON, 10/01, p.1)
1587 Jul 25, Japanese shogun
Toyotomi Hideyoshi banned Christianity in Japan and ordered all
Christians to leave. Although the order was not immediately
enforced. A decade later, the crackdown began, and 26 Christians
were crucified.
(HN, 7/25/98)(AP, 11/21/08)
1587 Aug 13, Gov. White
rewarded Manteo, a Croatoan Indian who had accompanied him to
England and back, for his many services and declared him Lord of the
Roanoke and Dasamonquepeio.
(ON, 10/01, p.2)
1587 Aug 14, Gugliemo Gonzaga
(b.1538), Italian composer, died.
(MC, 8/14/02)
1587 Aug 18, In the Roanoke
Island colony, Ellinor and Ananias Dare became parents of a baby
girl whom they name Virginia Dare, the first English child born on
what is now Roanoke Island, N.C., then considered Walter Raleigh’s
second settlement in Roanoke, Virginia. Virginia Dare, born to the
daughter of John White, became the first child of English parents to
be born on American soil. However, the colony she was born into
ended up mysteriously disappearing.
(HN, 8/18/98)(PC, 1992, p.203)(AP, 8/18/07)
1587 Aug 19, Sigismund III was
chosen to be the king of Poland.
(HN, 8/19/98)
1587 Oct 17, Francesco de'
Medici (46) died 11 days after he fell ill and a few hours before
his wife. In 2007 forensic experts reported evidence that they had
died of arsenic poisoning. Francesco had ruled from 1574. By all
accounts his wife had been his mistress while he was married to his
first wife, who is also believed to have died of poisoning.
(AP, 1/3/07)
1587 Oct 18, Spanish Captain
Pedro de Unamuno discovered California. He landed at a place he
called Port San Lucas, later identified as Morro Bay City, while
sailing from Macao to Acapulco with a crew of Luzon Indians.
(SFC,10/17/97, p.A25)
1587 Oct 20, In France,
Huguenot Henri de Navarre routed Duke de Joyeuse's larger Catholic
force at Coutras.
(HN, 10/20/98)
1587 Nov 3, Samuel Scheidt,
composer, was born.
(MC, 11/3/01)
1587 Nov 4, Samuel Scheidt,
German organist and composer, was baptized.
(MC, 11/4/01)
1587 Nicholas Hilliard painted
the miniature "Young Man Among Roses."
(SFEC, 12/1/96, BR p.4)
1587 Giles Everard, a Dutch
doctor, authored “Panacea,” extolling the virtues of tobacco. The
Latin version was made available in English in 1659.
(WSJ, 11/22/08, p.W11)
1587 A collection of stories
about the ancient magi appeared. These stories had been retold
during the Middle Ages about such reputed wizards as Merlin,
Albertus Magnus, and Roger Bacon. In the first Faustbuch all of
these deeds were attributed to Faust... According to the story,
Faust had sold his soul to the devil, and he would have to pay for
his triumphs by suffering eternal damnation.
(V.D.-H.K.p.238)
1587 Johann Spies completed the
"Historia von D. Johann Fausten," the first published version of the
Faust legend.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1587 Christopher Marlowe’s
"Tamburlaine the Great" was first produced on stage and published
three years later. Marlowe established blank verse as a dramatic
form.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1587 In London the open-air
Rose Theater was built. It was demolished after 1606 when the Globe
Theater surpassed it in popularity. An office building, later
constructed over the site, was suspended by girders to preserve the
site. Its exact location was lost until 1989.
(SFC, 4/15/99, p.E5)(Econ, 5/21/05, p.89)
1587 Claudio Monteverdi,
Italian composer, published his first book of madrigals.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1587 An early collection of
Jewish songs was published in Zeminoth, Israel.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1587 Inigo Jones, English
architect and theatrical designer, began building Cobham Hall in
Kent. It was finished by the Adam brothers.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1587 In London the open-air
Rose Theater was built. It was demolished after 1606 when the Globe
Theater surpassed it in popularity. An office building, later
constructed over the site, was suspended by girders to preserve the
site.
(SFC, 4/15/99, p.E5)
1587 Virginia was initially
called Windgancon, meaning "what gay clothes you wear." The names
Cape Fear, Cape Hatteras, the Chowan and Neuse rivers, Chesapeake
and Virginia, were all names that date to the first colony there.
(SFEM, 11/15/98, p.23)
1587 Osaka Castle, Japan, whose
foundation had been laid by Hideyoshi in 1583 was completed with the
help of 30,000 workers.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1587 The Rialto Bridge in
Venice was begun by the Italian architect, Antonio da Ponte.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1587 Pope Sixtus V proclaimed a
Catholic crusade for the invasion of England. Philip II prepared an
invasion fleet but was interrupted by Francis Drake, who "singed the
king’s beard" by burning 10,000 tons of shipping in Cadiz harbor.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1587 Portuguese missionaries
were banned from Japan by Hideyoshi.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1587 Sir Edward Stafford,
English ambassador in Paris, contacted the Spanish ambassador and
offered to provide news of Queen Elizabeth’s plans and to offer the
English disinformation concerning Spanish plans. Stafford’s
brother-in-law was Lord Howard Effingham, commander in chief of the
English fleet.
(WSJ, 11/24/98, p.A20)
1587 Hai Rui (b.1514), Chinese
statesman during the mid Ming dynasty, died. He is still revered as
an impartial judge, reputed to be an honest and fearless official,
who dared to give controversial advice to the emperor. He later
became subject of a 1960s play, "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office,"
that provided Mao Zedong with the pretext to launch the Great
Proletarian Cultural Revolution.
(www.chinaetravel.com/attraction/att10a.html)(http://tinyurl.com/cwsrs)
1587 Abbas I (16) became Shah
of Persia following the forced abdication of his father, Shah
Muhammad Khodabandeh. A revolt by Qizilbash leaders finally removed
Khodabandeh from power and installed his son Abbas as shah.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Dynasty)(www.bartleby.com/67/813.html)
1587 Mohammad Khodabandeh, Shah
of Persia, died.
(PC, 1992 ed, p.203)
1587-1590 The Lost Colony of Roanoke Island
disappeared during this period. It consisted of 116 colonists and
included Virginia Dare, the first English child born in the New
World. When the Roanoke Island colony was running out of supplies,
John White was sent back to England for help. His return was delayed
by the Spanish Armada‘s attacks against England. When he arrived on
Roanoke Island in 1591, the only trace of the colonists were the
cryptic messages "CRO" and "CROATOAN" carved on a tree and a
palisade post, respectively.
(NG, Geographica, Jan, 94)(HNQ, 7/3/00)
1587-1945 A 3-volume history of Americans of this
period was completed by J.C. Furnas (d.2001 at 95) in 1991.
(SFC, 6/14/01, p.A27)
1588 Jan 28, King Sigismund
Vaza upheld the 3rd Lithuanian Statute that until 1795 stood as the
fundamental code of law. In practice it was active until 1840.
(LHC, 1/28/03)
1588 Feb 12, John Winthrop,
English attorney, puritan, 1st gov of Massachusetts Bay Colony, was
born.
(HN, 1/12/99)(MC, 2/12/02)
1588 Feb, King Philip II (61)
appointed Don Alonzo Perez de Guzman el Bueno (37), the Duke of
Medina Sedonia, as Captain General of the High Seas and ordered him
to take charge of the Spanish Armada. Philip intended to restore
England to Catholicism
(ON, 3/02, p.1)
1588 Apr 5, Thomas Hobbes
(d.1679), English philosopher (Leviathan), was born. "The reputation
of power IS power."
(HN, 5/5/97)(AP, 5/31/99)
1588 Apr 9, Paolo Veronese
(b.1528), Italian painter, died in Venice. His paintings included
“The Choice Between Virtue and Vice.” He was the son of sculptor
Gabriele Caliari.
(WSJ, 6/15/06,
p.D7)(http://cgfa.sunsite.dk/veronese/veronese_bio.htm)
1588 May 9, Duke Henri de
Guise's troops occupied Paris.
(MC, 5/9/02)
1588 May 11, The Spanish Armada
of 130 ships with 30,000 men left Lisbon for England. [see May 19]
(ON, 3/02, p.2)
1588 May 12, King Henry II fled
Paris after Catholic League under duke Henry of Guise entered the
city. The people of Paris rose against Henry III, who fled to
Chartres. Seven months later he had Henry of Guise and his brother,
Cardinal de Guise, assassinated.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)(HN, 5/12/98)(MC, 5/12/02)
1588 May 19, The Spanish Armada
set sail to Lisbon bound for England; it was soundly defeated by the
English fleet the following August. [see May 11]
(AP, 5/19/97)(DTnet, 5/19/97)
1588 May 30, Spanish Armada
under Medina-Sidonia departed Lisbon to invade England.
(MC, 5/30/02)
1588 Jul 20-22, The Spanish
Armada, after month in Corunna, set sail for England. The Duke of
Medina Sedonia sailed in the flagship San Martin with Admiral Juan
Martinez de Recalde.
(HN, 7/20/01)(ON, 3/02, p.2)
1588 Jul 23, English army
assembled at Tilbury to repel invasion of England by Spanish Armada.
(AP, 7/23/97)
1588 Jul 26, Captain John
Hawkins was knighted by Queen Elizabeth.
(MC, 7/26/02)
1588 Jul 27, The Spanish
anchored off Calais in a crescent-shaped, tightly-packed defensive
formation, not far from Parma's army of 16,000, which was waiting at
Dunkirk.
(http://wapedia.mobi/en/Spanish_Armada#1.1.)
1588 Jul 29, At midnight of
July 28th the English set eight fireships (filled with pitch,
gunpowder, and tar) alight and sent them downwind among the
closely-anchored Spanish vessels. The English attacked the Spanish
Armada in the Battle of Gravelines, resulting in an English victory.
(ON, 3/02,
p.3)(http://wapedia.mobi/en/Spanish_Armada#1.1.)(AP, 7/29/08)
1588 Jul 30, The English
exchanged fire with the Spanish Armada.
(ON, 3/02, p.3)
1588 Aug 1, Sir Francis Drake
captured the Nuestra Senora del Rosario, one of the largest Spanish
Armada galleons.
(ON, 3/02, p.4)
1588 Aug 2, The English and
Spanish fleets exchanged fire all day. The English used up all their
ammunition and sailed into nearby ports.
(ON, 3/02, p.4)
1588 Aug 4, The English and
Spanish fleets exchanged fire all day off the Isle of Wight.
(ON, 3/02, p.4)
1588 Aug 8, The English Navy
destroyed the Spanish Armada. 600 Spaniards were killed in the day’s
fighting and 800 badly injured. The Duke of Medina Sidonia led the
"invincible" Spanish Armada from Lisbon against England. It was
shattered around the coasts of the English Isles by an English fleet
under the command of Lord Howard of Effingham with the help of Sir
Francis Drake, Sir John Hawkins, and a violent storm (see Aug 18).
The victory opened the world for English trade and colonization. In
1959 Garrett Mattingly authored “The Armada.” In 1998 Geoffrey
Parker published "The Grand Strategy of Phillip II." In 2005 Neil
Janson authored “The Confident Hope of a Miracle: The True Story of
the Spanish Armada,” and James McDermott authored “England & the
Spanish Armada: The necessary Quarrel.”
(ON, 3/02, p.5)(SSFC, 2/20/05, p.B2)(Econ,
5/28/05, p.85)
1588 Aug 10, The remnants of
the Spanish Armada sailed north to avoid the English fleet.
(ON, 3/02, p.6)
1588 Aug 18, A storm struck the
remaining 60 ships of the Spanish Armada under the Duke of Medina
Sidonia after which only 11 were left. Many of the ships went to
Ireland where most of the Spaniards were killed by the English. 600
Spaniards wrecked in Scotland were later returned to Spain. In 1978
Niall Fallon authored "The Armada in Ireland."
(ON, 3/02, p.6)
1588 Sep 10, Nicholas Lanier,
composer, was born.
(MC, 9/10/01)
1588 Sep 10, Thomas Cavendish
returned to England, becoming the third man to circumnavigate the
globe.
(HN, 9/10/98)
1588 Sep 21, Medina Sidonia's
Spanish Armada flagship, the San Martin, arrived at Santander,
Spain. Almost half of the 130 ships were lost. 20k of 30k men died.
1,500 died in battle, the rest from shipwreck, massacre, starvation
or disease. In 1981 David Howarth authored "The Voyage of the
Armada." In 1988 Peter Kemp authored "The Campaign of the Spanish
Armada."
(ON, 3/02, p.6)
1588 Sep 25, A heavy storm
drove 3 Spanish ships onto the coast of Ireland. Francisco de
Cuellar, an officer on the galleon Lavia, spent the next 6 months
evading English forces and getting to Scotland and then the
Netherlands. His letter from Antwerp to King Philip on Oct 4, 1589,
was later valued for its descriptions of Ireland.
(ON, 5/02, p.12)
1588 Oct 23, Medina Sidonia's
Spanish Armada returned to Santander. [see Sep 21]
(MC, 10/23/01)
1588 Dec 23, Henri de Guise
(37), French leader of Catholic League, was murdered.
(MC, 12/23/01)
1588 Dec, Sir William
Fitzwilliam, the English Lord Deputy of Ireland, planned an attack
against the McClancy clan led by chieftain Dartry. Francisco de
Cuellar and a group of stranded Spanish Armada soldiers successfully
held the clan’s Rossclogher Castle under a 17-day siege.
(ON, 5/02, p.11)
1588 An eye-witness account of
the New World was provided by "A Briefe and True Account of the New
Found Land of Virginia," written by Thomas Harriot. It recounted
English attempts from 1584-1588 to colonize what later became known
as eastern North Carolina and encouraged further settlement and
investment there. In 1590 Flemish engraver Theodor de Bry published
an illustrated edition featuring paintings by English colonist John
White.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)(Arch, 5/05, p.26)
1588 The first shorthand
manual, "An Arte of Shorte, Swifte, and Secrete Writing by
Character," was published by English clergyman Timothy Bright.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1588 The Bible was translated
into Welsh by Bishop William Morgan.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1588 A volume of funeral
orations for Duke August of Saxony and his wife was published.
(Econ, 1/20/07, p.93)
1588 Domenico Fontana, Italian
architect and engineer, completed the Vatican library in Rome. He
also completed the cupola and lantern of St. Peter’s in Rome.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1588 The British started
trading with the Gambians.
(http://www.nationbynation.com/Gambia/history2.html)
1588 Tycho Brahe, Danish
astronomer, had his financial support cut by a new Danish king and
moved to Prague where his student, Johannes Kepler, aided him and to
whom he left all his astronomical data.
(V.D.-H.K.p.197)
1588 Frederick II of Denmark
died and was succeeded by his 10 year-old son, Christian IV.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1588 Jacques Le Moyne de
Morgues (b.~1533), French artist, died in England. He had painted
watercolors of the flora and fauna of Florida, which were lost
during a Spanish attack in 1565. Back in France he created new
paintings, which were also lost, but engravings made by a Flemish
publisher survived. In 2008 Miles Harvey authored “Painter in a
Savage Land.”
(WSJ, 7/18/08,
p.W8)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Le_Moyne_de_Morgues)
1588-1629 Hendrick ter Brugghen was an artist of
the Utrecht School. His paintings included: "St. Sebastian Tended by
Irene."
(SFEM, 8/31/97, p.7)
1588-1652 Giuseppe de Ribera, painter. He painted
"St. Jerome."
(AAP, 1964)
1588-1653 Sir Robert Filmer, author of
"Patriarcha," a vindication of the absolute right of kingship. The
book was used in the 1670s to shore up proponents for the so-called
divine right of kings.
(V.D.-H.K.p.219)
1589 Jan 5, Catherine de Medici
(b.1519), Queen Mother of France, died at age 69. In 2005 Leonie
Frieda authored “Catherine de Medici: Renaissance Queen of France.”
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)(AP, 1/5/98)(WSJ, 8/10/05,
p.D12)
1589 Mar 19, William Bradford,
governor of Plymouth colony for 30 years, was born (baptized).
(HN, 3/19/98)(MC, 3/19/02)
1589 Aug 1, Monk Jacques
Clement attempted to murder French King Hendrik III. [see Aug 2]
(MC, 8/1/02)
1589 Aug 2, Henry III, King of
France, was assassinated by a Jacobin monk, Jacques Clement. Last of
the House of Valois, he named Henry (1553-1610), King of Navarre, to
succeed him. During France's religious war, a fanatical monk stabbed
King Henry II to death.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)(WUD, 1994, p.662)(HN, 8/2/98)
1589 Aug 10, Pietro Antonio
Tamburini, Italian composer, was born.
(MC, 8/10/02)
1589 Sep 21, The Duke of
Mayenne of France, head of the Catholic League, was defeated by
Henry IV of England at the Battle of Arques.
(HN, 9/21/98)(MC, 9/21/01)
1589 Oct 4, Francisco de
Cuellar, a Spanish Armada officer from the wrecked galleon Lavia,
wrote a letter from Antwerp to King Philip that was later valued for
its descriptions of Ireland. He had spent 6 months evading English
forces to get to Scotland where after 6 more months he reached the
Netherlands.
(ON, 5/02, p.12)
1589 Michelangelo Merisi de
Caravaggio, Italian artist and leader of the Naturist movement, made
skilful use of light in his Bacchus to bring into focus many details
of suggestive power. He painted the "Beheading of St. John" that was
kept in Malta and sent to Florence for restoration.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)(SFC, 6/11/96, p.E2)
1589 Thomas Nashe, English
satirical pamphleteer and dramatist, wrote "Anatomie of
Absurdities," a criticism of contemporary literature.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1589 Richard Hakluyt wrote the
"Principle Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English
Nation."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1589 Thoinot Arbeau published
"Orchesographie," an early treatise on dancing, with tunes.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1589 Francis Drake with 150
ships and 18,000 men failed in his attempt to capture Lisbon.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1589 Bernard Palissey, a
Huguenot, expressed the opinion that fossils were the remains of
living creatures. He was locked up in the dungeons of the Bastille
for his opinions and died there.
(SFC, 9/20/97, p.E3)
1589 William Lee, English
clergyman, invented the stocking frame, the first knitting machine.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1589 Sir John Harrington,
Elizabethan poet, designed the first water closet and installed it
at his country house near Bath. In 1596 he installed one at the
palace of his godmother Queen Elizabeth I.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)(SFC, 7/14/99, p.3)
1589 Boris Godunov asserted
Moscow’s Independence from Constantinople.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1589 The first Russian
patriarch, lov, was consecrated by Ecumenical Patriarch Jeremias of
Constantinople under pressure from Boris Godunov, the brother-in-law
of Feodor, the Russian Tsar.
(WSJ, 7/16/97, p.A23)
1589-1610 Henry (1553-1610), King of Navarre, as
Henry IV became the first Bourbon King of France, Henry the Great.
He switched from Protestantism to Catholicism. "Paris is well worth
a Mass."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)(WUD, 1994, p.662)(Hem., 1/97,
p.101)
1590 Mar 4, Mauritius of
Nassau's ship reached Breda, Netherlands.
(SC, 3/4/02)
1590 Apr 6, Francis Walsingham
(b.~1532), English secretary of state, died. He had ensnared Mary,
Queen of the Scots and forced her execution. He is remembered as the
"spymaster" of Queen Elizabeth I of England. In 2007 Robert
Hutchinson authored “Elizabeth’s Spymaster: Francis Walsingham and
the Secret War That Saved England.”
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Walsingham)(WSJ, 7/26/08,
p.W8)
1590 Apr 18, Ahmed I, 14th
sultan of Turkey (1603-17), was born.
(MC, 4/18/02)
1590 Apr 25, The Sultan of
Morocco launched his successful attack to capture Timbuktu. Morocco
sent 4,000 soldiers under the Muslim Spaniard Judar Pasha to conquer
Songhai. After a five month journey across the Shara, Pasha arrived
with only 1,000 men, but his soldiers carried guns. The 25,000 men
of the Songhai were no match for the guns and Gao, Timbuktu and most
of Songhai fall.
(ATC, p.122)(HN, 4/25/98)
1590 Jul 6, English admiral
Francis Drake took the Portuguese Forts at Taag, Angola.
(MC, 7/6/02)
1590 Aug 15, A fleet commanded
by John Wattes arrived at the Outer Banks of the Carolinas. Roanoke
Gov. John White was a passenger in the fleet.
(ON, 10/01, p.3)
1590 Aug 16, Captain Spicer and
6 men drowned when their landing boat capsized in heavy surf off
Roanoke Island.
(ON, 10/01, p.3)
1590 Aug 17, John White, the
leader of 117 colonists sent in 1587 to Roanoke Island (North
Carolina) to establish a colony, returned from a trip to England to
find the settlement deserted. No trace of the settlers was ever
found. White returned to England and died there around 1606.
(ON, 10/01, p.4)(HN, 8/18/02)
1590 Oct 16, Carlo Gesualdo
(~1566-1613), prince of Venosa, murdered his bride and her lover
after catching them in flagrante delicto. In 1995 Werner Herzog
covered this in his purported documentary “Death for Five Voices.”
In 2010 Glenn Watkins authored “The Gesualdo Hex: Music, Myth, and
Memory.”
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Gesualdo)(Econ, 1/23/10, p.79)
1590 Nov 8, Francesco Gonzaga,
composer, was born.
(MC, 11/8/01)
1590 Dec 20, Ambroise Pare
(80), French surgeon, died.
(MC, 12/20/01)
1590 In Prague Adriaen de Vries
began his sculpture "Psyche Born Aloft by Putti." It was completed
in 1592.
(WSJ, 12/7/99, p.A24)
1590 Sir Philip Sidney, brother
to the second Countess of Pembroke, composed his prose romance
“Arcadia.” In 2008 the idea of Arcadia was examined by Adam Nicolson
in his book “Earls of Paradise: England and the Dream of
Perfection.”
(www.luminarium.org/renlit/sidbib.htm)
1590 Fray Jose de Acosta,
Spanish Jesuit priest, authored “Historia Natural y Moral de las
Indies.” In it he suggested that the Americas were populated by
people from Asia.
(Arch, 9/00, p.72)
1590 The microscope was
invented.
(SFC, 8/16/97, p.E3)
1590 Bernard Pallissy (b.1510),
French ceramicist, painter and writer, died. Pallisy produced his
designs by attaching casts of dead lizards, snakes, and shellfish to
traditional ceramic forms such as basins, ewers, and plates. He then
painted these wares in blue, green, purple, and brown, and glazed
them with runny lead-based glaze to increase their watery realism.
The style became known as Pallisy ware.
(www.palissy.com/)
1590 Prince Naresuan (35)
became King upon the death of his father (the puppet monarch).
Naresuan continued to drive the Burmese from the Kingdom of
Ayutthaya (Siam-Thailand).
(www.chiangmai-chiangrai.com/two-great-kings.html)
1590s A six paneled screen
painting by Kano Eitoku depicted mythological Chinese lions.
(WSJ, 9/25/96, p.A20)
c1590-1600 In late 16th century Prague Rabbi Judah
Bezalel Loew, the Maharal, used clay and the mysticism of the
Kabbalah to fashion the Golem, a human-like creature to help avenge
Jewish persecution.
(WSJ, 4/17/02, p.D7)
1591 Mar 1, Pope Gregory XIV
threatened to excommunicate French king Henri IV.
(SC, 3/1/02)
1591 May 15, Dimitri Ivanovitch
(9), Russian son of czar Ivan IV, was murdered.
(MC, 5/15/02)
1591 Jun 21, Aloysius
[Luigi] Gonzaga, Prince, Italian Jesuit saint, died.
(MC, 6/21/02)
1591 Jul 20, Anne Hutchinson,
religious liberal who was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony
for her views, was born.
(HN, 7/20/98)
1591 Aug 24, Robert Herrick,
English poet (Gather ye rosebuds) was baptized.
(MC, 8/24/02)
1591 Sep 12, Richard Grenville
(b.1542), English vice-admiral and cousin of Sir. Walter Ralegh,
died in battle against Spanish ships at age 49. He made 2 voyages to
Roanoke Island in 1585 and 1586.
(MC, 9/12/01)(www.nps.gov/fora/grenville.htm)
1591 Sep 21, French bishops
recognized Henri IV as king of France.
(MC, 9/21/01)
1591 Dec 14, San Juan de la
Cruz (b.1542), Spanish poet, died. He is remembered for his treatise
“Dark Night of the Soul.”
(SSFC, 9/3/06,
p.M3)(www.newadvent.org/cathen/08480a.htm)
1591 Giuseppe Arcimboldo
painted a portrait of Emperor Rudolf II as Vertumnus, the Roman god
of seasons.
(WSJ, 9/9/06, p.P9)
1591 Flemish engraver Theodor
de Bry published “A Brief Narration of Those Things Which Befell the
French in the Province of Florida” in Latin and Germany editions. It
focused on the 1564-1565 French settlement of Fort Caroline. The
book included 42 engravings said to be based on water color
paintings by Jacques de Moyne de Morgues (d.1588), who had
accompanied the French expedition. Moyne also provided a narrative
and a map. In 1946 Stefan Lorant translated Moyne’s text into
English and reproduced his engravings and map in “The New World.”
(Arch, 5/05, p.28)
1591 British sailor Anthony
Knivet found himself stranded on Ilhabella island near Santos,
Brazil. He was shipwrecked there after sailing as a crew member of a
5-ship flotilla under Sir Thomas Cavendish. The story of his
adventures was published in 1625 by Richard Hakluyt, a director of
the Virginia Company,
(Econ, 12/17/11,
p.54)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Knivet)
1591 Korean Admiral Yi Sun Sin
(1545-1598) developed his ironclad "turtle ships.” They were
characterized by multiple canons and a fully covered deck designed
to deflect cannon fire and keep enemy combatants from boarding.
(LSA, Spring, 2009, p.17)
1591 Philip II of Spain bought
the Hieronymus Bosch painting "the Garden of Earthly Delights." It
hung in the Escorial from this time to 1939 when it was moved to the
Prado.
(WSJ, 8/25/98, p.A12)
1591 Moroccan invaders sacked
Timbuktu (Mali).
(AM, 7/04, p.36)
1591 The encierro (running of
the bulls) at Pamplona, Spain, began as a means of moving the bulls
to the bull fighting arena. It became known as Los San Fermines.
[see 1521]
(SSFC, 6/16/02, p.C6)(SSFC, 7/7/02, p.A2)
1592 Jan 5, Shah Jahan, Mughal
emperor of India (1628-58), was born. He later built the Taj Mahal.
(MC, 1/5/02)
1592 Mar 10, Michiel Coxcie,
Flemish court painter, carpet designer, died.
(MC, 3/10/02)
1592 Apr 14, Abraham Elsevier,
book publisher, was born.
(MC, 4/14/02)
1592 Apr 28, George Villiers,
1st duke of Buckingham, English admiral, was born.
(MC, 4/28/02)
1592 Aug 3, The Earl of
Cumberland, et al, took the Madre de Dios, A Spanish carrack
carrying the largest treasure ever captured for Queen Elizabeth. The
earl’s sailors got out of hand and looted items intended for the
queen, including a large diamond which eventually found its way to
Goldsmith’s Row, London.
(AOL, tlc@shore.net)
1592 Sep 13, Michel Eyquem de
Montaigne, French philosopher (L'Amiti), died at 59.
(MC, 9/13/01)
1592 Christopher Marlowe
(1564-1593), English dramatist and poet. He wrote "The Tragical
History of Dr. Faustus."
(WUD, 1994, p.878)
1592 "De Plantis Aegypti" by
Prosper Alpini published the first picture of a coffee plant.
(WSJ, 7/7/98, p.A14)
1592 Juan de Fuca, a Greek
sailing for Spain, sailed into a strait that later became the border
between Canada’s Vancouver Island, BC, and the Olympic Peninsula of
Washington state. The waterway was later named the Strait of Juan de
Fuca.
(NG, 7/04, p.66)
1592 Trinity College in Dublin,
Ireland, was founded after small group of Dublin citizens obtained a
charter from Queen Elizabeth incorporating Trinity College juxta
Dublin.
(www.tcd.ie/info/trinity/history/)
1592 Toyotomi Hideyoshi
sent an army to invade Korea after Korea refused to help him invade
China. This set off a war that lasted 6 years.
(Jap. Enc., BLDM,
p. 215)(www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Article/455711)
1592 Korea defenders led by
Gen. Jeong Mun-bu scored a victory over an invading Japanese army at
Bukgwan. A monument with a description of the fight was raised a
century later. During the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905 a Japanese
general shipped the monument to Japan where it was set in the
Yasukuni shrine. It was recognized by a South Korean in 1978 and in
2005 Shinto priests agreed to return it to Seoul.
(Econ, 10/15/05, p.46)
1592-1598 Korean Adm. Yi Sun Sin (1545-1598)
employed his ironclad "turtle ships" to fight off an invasion
by Japan. Hundreds of Japanese vessels were sunk during the
prolonged Japanese invasion.
(www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Article/455711)
1592-1605 Pope St. Clement VIII led the Church.
(ITV, 1/96, p.61)
1592-1656 Gerard van Honthorst was an artist of
the Utrecht School. His paintings included "The Denial of St.
Peter."
(SFEM, 8/31/97, p.8)
1592-1670 The Moravian prelate Jan Komensky wrote
in Latin and German and was offered the presidency of Harvard.
(WSJ, 11/18/96, p.A10)
1593 Jan 27, Vatican opened a 7
year trial against scholar Giordano Bruno.
(MC, 1/27/02)
1593 Mar 19, Georges de la Tour
(d.1652), French painter, was born. His night painting "The Penitent
Magdelene" features a seated woman contemplating a flame with one
hand resting on a skull.
(NH, 10/96, p.39)(MC, 3/19/02)
1593 Mar 23, English
Congressionalist Henry Barrow was accused of slander.
(SS, 3/23/02)
1593 Apr 3, George Herbert
(d.1633), English metaphysical poet (5 Mystical Songs), was born.
"The best mirror is an old friend."
(AP, 4/16/98)(MC, 4/3/02)
1593 Apr 6, Henry Barrow,
English puritan, was hanged.
(MC, 4/6/02)
1593 Apr 6, John Greenwood,
English Congressionalist, was hanged.
(MC, 4/6/02)
1593 May 29, John Penry English
congressionalist, was executed.
(SC, 5/29/02)
1593 May 30, Christopher
Marlowe (b.Feb 26, 1564), British dramatist (Tamburlaine the Great),
poet, was murdered. Marlowe reportedly died in a barfight. It was
later speculated that his death was faked and that he fled to Italy
and continued writing plays that were produced by Shakespeare. In
2004 Rodney Bolt authored “History Play: The Lives and Afterlife of
Christopher Marlowe.”
(SFC, 1/2/03, p.E11)(www.canterbury.co.uk)(Econ,
9/4/04, p.78)
1593 Jul 11, Giuseppe
Arcimboldo (b.1527), Italian painter, died. Arcimboldo painted
representations of objects, such as fruits and vegetables, on the
canvas arranged in such a way that the whole collection of objects
formed a recognizable likeness of the portrait subject. He painted a
portrait of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II composed entirely of
vegetables.
(WUD, 1994, p.78)(WSJ, 7/10/97,
p.A13)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Arcimboldo)
1593 Jul 25, France's King
Henry IV converted from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism.
(AP, 7/25/97)
1593 Aug 9, Izaak Walton
(d.1683), biographer, fisherman, writer (Compleat Angler), was born
in England. "That which is everybody's business is nobody's
business."
(AP, 8/29/98)(MC, 8/9/02)
1593 Aug 23, Fulvio Testi,
Italian poet (Pianto d'Italia), was born.
(MC, 8/23/02)
1593 Sep 20, Gottfried Scheidt,
composer, was born.
(MC 9/20/01)
1593 The Minhogimbukh, a Jewish
version of the old Farmers’ Alamanac, was written in Yiddish and
published in Venice.
(SFC, 12/6/04, p.B1)
1593 Michel Mercatus, physician
to Pope Clement VIII, died. He left manuscripts on his study of
Ceraunia, or ancient stone tools which had been thought to be rocks
hurled down from the sky by lightning bolts, or rocks struck by
lightning.
(RFH-MDHP, p.70)
1593 In Puebla, Mexico, the
Convent de La Concepcion was built. It was later turned into the
Hotel Camino Real Puebla.
(SSFC, 1/27/08, p.E5)
1593 In Mexico Capt. Don
Francisco de Urdiqola started the first vineyard in the valley of
Tlaxcaltecas at his El Rosario Hacienda.
(SFEC, 11/7/99, p.T8)
1593-1652/3 Artemisia Gentileschi, whose
first known work is "Susanna and the Elders" (1610), was a follower
of Caravaggio and his style of dramatic realism. Artemisia, the
daughter of Orazio Gentileschi (also influenced by Caravaggio), was
taught to paint by her father and landscape artist Agostino Tassi.
In 1616, she joined the Academy of Design in Florence. She traveled
to various cities, from Rome to London--the latter to visit her
father. While there she also gained acclaim as a portrait artist.
She eventually settled in Naples.
(HNQ, 3/8/01)
1593-1817 The period of the Spanish Inquisition in
Mexico.
(SFC, 9/18/96, p.A1)
1594 Feb 2, Giovanni Perluigi
da Palestrina (68), Italian composer, died.
(MC, 2/2/02)
1594 Apr 15, Flemish painter
Pieter Stevens was appointed royal painter of Rudolf II in Prague.
(MC, 4/15/02)
1594 May 31, Jacopo Tintoretto
(b.1518), Italian artist, died.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintoretto)
1594 Jun 3, Michel Renichon,
priest, was executed.
(MC, 6/3/02)
1594 Jun 7, Roderigo Lopez was
executed at Tyburn, England, on charges of spying for the king of
Spain.
(WSJ, 9/24/04, p.W7)
1594 Jun 14, Orlando di Lasso
(b.~1532), Franco-Flemish composer, died in Munich. He was the
most famous and influential musician in Europe at the end of the
16th century. Along with Palestrina (of the Roman School), he is
considered to be the chief representative of the mature polyphonic
style of the Franco-Flemish School.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlande_de_Lassus)
1594 Oct 16, William Allen
(62), English cardinal and founder of the seminary of Douai, died.
(MC, 10/16/01)
1594 Nov 22, Martin Frobisher,
English vice-admiral and explorer, died.
(MC, 11/22/01)
1594 Dec 2, Gerardus Mercator
(82), Flemish philosopher and cartographer, died. Mercator's dream
was to publish a volume of maps, which would also give a history of
the world since creation. Called the 'Atlas', the first section came
out in 1569. It contained a chronology from creation to 1568.
(www.navis.gr/men/mercator.htm)
1594 Dec 9, Gustavus II
Adolphus (d.1632), king who made Sweden a major power (1611-32), was
born.
(MC, 12/9/01)
1594 Nicolas Poussin (d.1665),
known as the founder of French Classicism, was born.
(WSJ, 2/26/96, p.A-10)(AAP, 1964)(SFC,11/22/97,
p.D5)
c1594 Caravaggio painted "The
Ecstacy of St. Francis."
(WSJ, 4/28/98, p.A16)
1594 In England James Burbage
won the patronage of Lord Chamberlain and established the 25 member
Lord Chamberlain's Men. The group included William Shakespeare.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)
c1594 Sir Walter Raleigh
married Elizabeth Throckmorton (1565-1647), a maid of honor to Queen
Elizabeth. Her secret marriage and pregnancy led to her being
banished from the court.
(WSJ, 1/6/04, p.D10)
1594 The first act of Henry of
Navarre, when he entered Paris as Henry IV, was to touch 600
scrofulous [tuberculytic] persons.
(WP, 1951, p.7)
1594 In France Henry IV
proposed his "Grande Dessein" to join the Louvre with the nearby
Tuileries palace, which had been built under Catherine de Medici.
(WSJ, 10/7/98, p.A20)
1594 The baths at Novi Pazar
were built in Serbia’s Sandzak region.
(Econ, 6/7/08, p.65)
c1594-1595 Caravaggio painted "The Cardsharps."
(WSJ, 4/28/98, p.A16)
1595 Feb 21, Robert Southwell,
English-Jesuit poet, was hanged for "treason" being a Catholic.
(HN, 2/21/99)(MC, 2/21/02)
1595 Feb 24, Mathias
Casimir Sarbievius, poet and prof. at Vilnius Univ., was born in
Sarbev, Poland. He died in Warsaw Apr 2, 1640.
(LHC, 2/23/03)
1595 Apr 2, Cornelis de
Houtman's ships departed to Asia around Cape of Good Hope.
(MC, 4/2/02)
1595 May 26, Philippus Nerius
(79), [Filippo Neri], Italian merchant, Jesuit, saint, died.
(MC, 5/26/02)
1595 May 28, It was a shaken
and demoralized English column that returned to its northern Irish
base at Newry.
(HN, 8/1/98)
1595 Jun 5, Henry IV’s army
defeated the Spanish at the Battle of Fontaine-Francaise.
(HN, 6/5/98)
1595 Jul 9, Johannes Kepler
inscribed a geometric solid construction of universe.
(MC, 7/9/02)
1595 Jul 23, Spanish soldiers
landed at Cornwall, England, and burned Mousehold and Penzance
before returning to their ships.
(AP, 7/23/97)
1595 Jul, The Spanish galleon
San Agustin departed the Philippines with 130 tons of cargo and 70
men. See Nov, 1595.
(SFC, 9/26/97, p.A21)(SFC, 8/23/11, p.C3)
1595 Aug 24, Thomas Digges,
English astronomer (Universe Infinite), died.
(MC, 8/24/02)
1595 Oct 28, Battle at
Giurgevo: Sigmund Bathory of Transylvania beat the Turks.
(MC, 10/28/01)
1595 Nov 12, John Hawkins (63),
English navigator and treasurer of the Navy, died.
(MC, 11/12/01)
1595 Nov, The San Agustin, a
Spanish galleon from Manila, sank off the coast of northern
California near Point Reyes with a load of silks and porcelains from
the Orient. Skipper Sebastian Rodriguez Cermeno sailed with
survivors in an open boat 2,500 miles to Acapulco.
(SFC, 9/26/97, p.A21)(SFC, 8/23/11, p.C3)
1595 Bogdan Khmelnitsky
(d.1657), leader of the Ukrainian Cossacks, was born.
(SSFC, 2/9/03, p.C14)
1595 Queen Elizabeth sent Sir
Francis Drake to capture treasure from a wrecked Spanish galleon
stored at La Forteleza. Drake failed and returned to Panama.
(HT, 4/97, p.30)
1595 Sir Walter Raleigh
explored the South American coast from the Orinoco River to the
mouth of the Amazon, an area that he called "Guiana."
(WSJ, 1/6/04, p.D10)
1595 John Smith on a whaling
expedition mapped the eastern seaboard and named the area new
England. The area had earlier been called Norumbega. On his return
he gave the map to heir apparent Charles Stuart (16) and instructed
him to rename the "barbarous" place names. Thus Cape Elizabeth, Cape
Anne, the Charles River and Plymouth.
(SFEM, 11/15/98, p.23)
1595-1603 Mehmed III succeeded Murad III in the
Ottoman House of Osman.
(Ot, 1993, xvii)
c1595-1624 Dirck van Baburen was an artist of the
Dutch Utrecht School.
(SFEM, 8/31/97, p.8)
1596 Jan 28, English navigator
Sir Francis Drake died off the coast of Panama of a fever; he was
buried at sea.
(HT, 4/97, p.30)(AP, 1/28/98)
1596 Mar 31, Rene Descartes
(d.1650), French philosopher, was born in La Haye, France. He
proposed a numerical index that represented fundamental notions. He
made consciousness the defining feature of the self. Descartes died
in Sweden. In 1997 Paul Strathern published: "Descartes in 90
Minutes," and Keith Devlin published "Goodbye Descartes: The End of
Logic and the Search for a New Cosmology of the Mind." In 1998 the
French biography by Genevieve Rodis-Lewis was translated to English:
"Descartes: His Life and Thought."
(V.D.-H.K.p.203)(Wired, 8/96, p.86)(WSJ, 3/18/97,
p.A20)(AP, 3/30/97) (WSJ, 7/23/98, p.A14)(WSJ, 8/21/98, p.W13)
1596 May 18, Willem Barents
left Amsterdam for Novaya Zemlya.
(SC, 5/18/02)
1596 Jun 21, Mikhail
Feodorovich Romanov (d.1645), 1st Romanov Tsar of Russia (1613-45),
was born.
(WUD, 1994 p.1242)(MC, 6/21/02)
1596 Jul 1, An English fleet
under the Earl of Essex, Lord Howard of Effingham and Francis Vere
captured and sacked Cadiz, Spain.
(HN, 7/1/98)
1596 Aug 3, David Fabricius
discovered light variation of Mira (1st variable star).
(SC, 8/3/02)
1596 Aug 19, Elisabeth Stuart,
English daughter of James I, was born.
(MC, 8/19/02)
1596 Sep 3, Nicolo Amati
(d.1684), Italian violin maker, was born. He was the grandson of
violin maker Andrea Amati and taught Antonio Stradivari and Andrea
Guarneri.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R53)(MC, 9/3/01)
1596 Oct 25, The Spanish fleet
sailed from Lisbon to Ireland.
(MC, 10/25/01)
1596 Dec 8, Luis de Carabajal,
1st Jewish author in America, was executed in Mexico. The nephew of
Luis Carvajal, a Jewish convert to Catholicism and governor of the
province of Nuevo Leon, was accused of relapsing into Judaism. He
was tried by Spanish Inquisitors and under torture gave out 116
names of other Judaizers that included his mother and 23 sisters.
They were eventually strangled with iron collars and burned to
death. A 1997 opera by Myron Fink was composed based on his story.
Monterey, Mexico was founded by conquistador Don Luis de Carvajal.
He fell in love the wrong man’s daughter and was later denounced to
the Mexican Inquisition because of his Jewish heritage.
(SFC, 8/16/96, p.A19)(SFC, 9/18/96, p.A11)(WSJ,
2/25/97, p.A20)(MC, 12/8/01)
1596 In Mexico City the Casa de
los Azulejos or House of Tiles (a.k.a. Sanborn's) was constructed.
It was an ornate mansion with hand-painted blue and white tiles.
(Hem., 1/96, p.50)
1596 Ruthenian members of an
Orthodox religious group entered into communion with the Roman
Catholic Church and became the Uniate Church of the Little Russians.
(WUD, 1994, p.1256)
1596 The first documented
official contact between the Cambogee and the West took place. The
king of Angkor, Barom Reachea, in fear of attack, sent to the
Spanish governor general at Manila a request for the assistance of
his musket-armed soldiers. The Spanish governor complied and sent a
small expedition to the king of Angkor.
(SFEC, 10/20/96, T5)
1596 Abraham Ortelius, Flemish
mapmaker, recorded his belief that the continents had not always
been fixed in their positions.
(NH, 10/02, p.79)
1596 The Marquesas Islands were
visited by a Spanish ship.
(SFEC, 8/25/96, p.T5)
1596-1597 Italian artist Caravaggio painted "A Boy
Bitten by a Lizard."
(SFC, 9/12/97, p.C8)
c1596-1597 Shakespeare wrote his tragedy "King
John."
(WUD, 1994, p.788)
1597 Jun 9, Jose de Anchieta,
Spanish Jesuit, missionary, died.
(MC, 6/9/02)
1597 Jun 20, Willem Barents,
Dutch explorer who discovered Spitsbergen & Bereneil, died. In
1995 Rayner Unwin authored "A Winter Away from Home," an account of
Barents’ Arctic voyages.
(WUD, 1994 p.120)(SSFC, 12/10/00, p.C17)(MC,
6/20/02)
1597 Aug 11, Germany threw out
English salesmen in "a noble experiment."
(MC, 8/11/02)
1597 Sep 28, In Japan the
Mimizuka, or Ear Mound, was dedicated in Kyoto. In it was buried the
collected ears and noses of victims from the Japanese invasion of
Korea that began in 1592.
(SFEC, 9/14/97, p.A25)
1597 El Greco (1541-1614),
Spanish artist, completed his visionary “View of Toledo” about this
time.
(WSJ, 6/28/08, p.W12)
c1597 The "Materia Medica
Pharmacopeia" was written and detailed some 1,900 herbs, minerals
and animals used by the Chinese to treat ailments through the ages.
(WSJ, 12/3/97, p.A1)
1597 Giovanni Gabrieli composed
"Sonata pian’ e forte," a piece for two antiphonal brass quartets.
(SFC, 1/9/98, p.D7)
1597 Britain’s Tudor
establishment, deeply concerned by the possibility of social
upheaval brought on by an agricultural crisis and increasing urban
migration, introduced the Charitable Uses Act, first in 1597, then a
revised act in 1601 to promote philanthropy amongst the country's
aristocracy and burgeoning merchant classes.
(www.pnnonline.org/article.php?sid=2398&mode=thread&order=0)
1597 Cardinal Odoardo Farnese,
the nephew of Pope Paul III, commissioned Annibale Carracci and his
workshop to decorate the barrel-vaulted gallery on the piano nobile
of the family palace. Work was started in 1597 and was not entirely
finished until 1608, one year before Annibale's death.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Loves_of_the_Gods_%28Carracci%29)
1597 In Nagasaki 26 Japanese
and Western Christians were crucified. These martyrs were beatified
in 1627 and became saints in 1862, among the 42 people from Japan
who have been canonized, or reached sainthood.
(SSFC, 8/10/03, p.C11)(AP, 11/21/08)
c1597 The Sao Paulo church in
Macao was constructed by Portuguese colonists.
(WSJ, 5/6/97, p.A19)
1597 In Amsterdam the Spinhuis
(spinning house) was opened as a workhouse for fallen women.
(SSFC, 1/7/01, p.T9)
1597 King Philip II issued a
land grant to Don Lorenzo Garcia to start the first official winery
for the new world at the San Lorenzo Hacienda in Mexico.
(SFEC, 11/7/99, p.T8)
1597-1602 Adriaen de Vries, Dutch sculptor,
supplied Augsburg, Germany, the cast for the "Hercules Fountain."
(WSJ, 1/8/99, p.C13)
1597/8-1671 Jan van Bijlert, Dutch painter. He
traveled to Rome and was influenced by the work of Caravaggio.
(SFEM, 8/31/97, p.13)
1598 Jan 7, Theodorus I (40),
[Feodor Ivanovitch], czar of Russia (1584-98), died. Boris Godunov
seized the Russian throne on death of Feodor I.
(MC, 1/7/02)
1598 Jan 8, Genoa, Italy,
expelled its Jews.
(MC, 1/8/02)
1598 Feb 17, Boris Godunov, the
boyar of Tatar origin, was elected czar in succession to his
brother-in-law Fydor.
(HN, 2/17/99)
1598 Apr 13, King Henry IV of
France endorsed the Edict of Nantes, which granted political rights
to French Huguenots. (The edict was abrogated in 1685 by King Louis
XIV, who declared France entirely Catholic again.)
(AP, 4/13/98)(HN, 4/13/98)
1598 May 2, Henry IV signed the
Treaty of Vervins, ending Spain's interference in France.
(HN, 5/2/98)
1598 Jun, A 5-ship Dutch
expedition to Japan departed Rotterdam with Will Adams, English ship
pilot, as chief navigator.
(ON, 11/02, p.8)
1598 Aug 15, Hugh O'Neill, the
Earl of Tyrone, led an Irish force to victory over the British at
Battle of Yellow Ford.
(HN, 8/15/98)
1598 Sep 1, Spanish king Philip
II ("Scourge of Heretics") received his last rites sacrament. [see
Sep 13]
(MC, 9/1/02)
1598 Sep 13, Philip II (71),
King of Spain (1556-98), died. He had ordered the 1588 Spanish
Armada attack on England. After its failure he dispatched 3 smaller
armadas, but they all failed.
(MC, 9/13/01)(ON, 3/02, p.6)
1598 Sep 18, Toyotomi Hideyoshi
(b.1536), Japan’s unifier and folk hero, died. His death left two
main rivals for power, Ishida Mitsunari and Tokugawa Ieyasu.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi)
1598 Sep 25, In Sweden, King
Sigismund was defeated at Stangebro by his Uncle Charles.
(HN, 9/25/98)
1598 Oct 15, Spanish general
strategist Bernardino de Mendoza occupied Fort Rhine.
(MC, 10/15/01)
1598 Dec 7, Giovanni "Gian"
Lorenzo Bernini (d.Nov 28, 1680), Italian sculptor, painter,
architect, was born. He was the greatest sculptor of the 17th
century and worked under the patronage of Pope Urban VII. His work
included the "Ecstasy of St. Teresa," "David" and "Daphne and
Apollo."
(WSJ, 12/4/97, p.A20)(WSJ, 9/15/98, p.A20)(WSJ,
1/11/99, p.R53)
1598 Dec 28, Richard and
Cuthbert Burbage led a crew to begin the demolition of the Theater
in London. They and partners that included William Shakespeare used
the timbers to build a new theater. The Globe opened in 1599.
(ON, 11/03, p.2)
1598 The first opera was
performed in Florence, Italy, in the 16th century. On Jul 3-5, 1998
Vienna celebrated the 400th anniversary of opera. Opera emerged as
musicians sought to revive Greek theater.
(SFEC, 5/10/98, p.T3)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)
1598 In China Tang Xianzu,
dramatist, wrote his 55-act Kunju opera "The Peony Pavilion." Kunju
is the oldest of China’s 360 opera forms.
(WSJ, 6/22/98, p.A20)
1598 Iranian emperor Shah Abbas
(1571-1629) moved his capital to Isfahan. English brothers Anthony
and Robert Shirley (~1581-1628) soon arrived in Iran with 26
followers and joined the Persian service under Abbas and remaining
for a number of years.
(Econ, 2/21/09, p.86)(http://tinyurl.com/cbrsb9)
1598 Sir George Clifford, the
third Earl of Cumberland, led an attack on Puerto Rico. He landed
east of San Juan at Boqueron Inlet and attacked. The English
prevailed and plundered San Juan but their food spoiled and 400 died
of dysentery. The survivors burned San Juan and sailed away.
(HT, 4/97, p.30)
1598 The Spanish governor of
Manila sent a 2nd small expedition to the king of Angkor in what is
now Cambodia.
(SFEC, 10/20/96, T5)
c1598 A party of Iberian
conquistadors overthrew the Cambodian king and set themselves up as
governors in the Mekong delta.
(Econ, 1/3/04, p.29)
1598-1599 Caravaggio painted "Narcissus."
(WSJ, 4/28/98, p.A16)
1598-1663? Francisco de Zurbaran, Spanish painter.
His work included St. Agatha, which depicted the mutilated martyr
with her severed breasts on a tray.
(WUD, 1994, p.1663)(SFEC, 2/16/97, BR p.10)
1598-1666 Nicolas Francois Mansart, French
architect. The mansard roof is named after him.
(WUD, 1994, p.873)(SFC, 8/25/99, Z1 p.7)
1599 Feb 13, Alexander VII,
Roman Catholic Pope, was born.
(HN, 2/13/98)
1599 Feb 22, Anthony Van Dyck,
painter, was born in Antwerp, Belgium. [See Mar 22]
(MC, 2/22/02)
1599 Mar 13, Johannes
Berchmans, Jesuit, saint, was born in Belgium.
(MC, 3/13/02)(de Winkler Prins encyclopedia)
1599 Mar 22, Sir Anthony Van
Dyck, Flemish artist, was born. He gave his name to the Vandyke
beard. [See Feb 22]
(AP, 3/22/99)
1599 Mar 23, Thomas Selle,
composer, was born.
(SS, 3/23/02)
1599 Mar 27, Robert Devereux
became Lt-general of Ireland.
(MC, 3/27/02)
1599 Apr 25, Oliver Cromwell
(d.1658) was born. He was an English military, political and
religious leader, and dictator as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth
from 1653-1658.
(CFA, '96, p.44)(AHD, p.315)(HN, 4/25/98)
1599 Jun 6, Velazquez (d.1660),
Diego Rodriguez de Silva, Spanish painter of Portuguese ancestry,
was born. He painted "Count Duke of Olivares" and "Rokeby Venus"
(1647-51) The Venus is at the London National Gallery.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez)(SFEC, 2/1/98,
p.T8)(WSJ, 1/5/07, p.W12)
1599 Jul 23, Caravaggio
received his 1st public commission for paintings.
(MC, 7/23/02)
1599 Sep 7, Earl of Essex and
Irish rebel Tyrone signed a treaty.
(MC, 9/7/01)
1599 Sep 21, The Globe Theater
had its first recorded performance. The 20-sided timber building for
Shakespeare’s plays was constructed on the South Bank of the Thames,
England. The troupe Lord Chamberlain's Men built the Globe Theater.
Timbers came from a dismantled old theater and the new structure
held some 3,000 spectators in 3 galleries. In 2005 James Shapiro
authored “A Year in the Life of William Shakespeare: 1599.”
(Hem, Mar. 95, p.138)(WSJ, 6/17/97, p.A16)(WSJ,
1/11/99, p.R34)(Econ, 11/5/05, p.92)
1599 In Ecuador Andres Sanchez
Gallque painted the New World’s first signed and dated portrait:
“Don Francisco de la Robe and His sons Pedro and Domingo” (The
Mulatto Gentlemen of Esmeraldas).
(WSJ, 9/21/06, p.D6)(http://tinyurl.com/zn644)
1599 Adriaen de Vries, Dutch
sculptor, supplied Augsburg, Germany, the cast the "Mercury
Fountain."
(WSJ, 1/8/99, p.C13)
1599 Canon Mikalojus Dauksa
published his "Postille Catholicka" in Vilnius. He was the first
author of Lithuanian Proper.
(DrEE, 9/21/96, p.4)
1599 Jesuits published a
guidebook for Jesuit education titled “Ratio Studiorum.” It was
revised in 1832.
(GenIV, Winter 04/05)
1599 Jacob Cornelius Van Neck
returned to Holland from the Mascarene Islands. A narrative of the
Dutch voyage first mentioned the dodo bird.
(NH, 11/96, p.24)
1599 The Dutch East India
Company dates to this time. [see 1602-1798]
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)
1599 The Takeda family, which
controlled Hokkaido, changed its name to Matsumae, built a castle by
that name and allied itself with Ieyasu Tokugawa, who was on the
verge of establishing his Shogunate in Japan.
(Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 218)
1599 Spain sent 400 soldiers,
46 cannon and a new governor, Alonso de Mercado, to rebuild San
Juan, Puerto Rico.
(HT, 4/97, p.31)
1599 Francesco Borromini
(d.1667), Italian Baroque architect and sculptor, was born.
(SFEC, 7/12/98, p.B9)(WSJ, 6/27/00, p.A28)
1599-1600 “As You Like It,” a pastoral comedy by
William Shakespeare, is believed to have been written about this
time and first published in the folio of 1623. It included a
monologue that begins with the phrase "All the world's a stage" and
catalogues the seven stages of a man's life, sometimes referred to
as the seven ages of man: infant, schoolboy, lover, soldier,
justice, pantaloon, and second childhood, "sans teeth, sans eyes,
sans taste, sans everything.”
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_world%27s_a_stage)
Go to 1600-1625